Henry VII Flashcards

Question

Ireland

Answer 1

- Henry VII power only extended as far as the 'Pale', the area of land which surrounded Dublin. Power in rest of Ireland lay with the descendants of Anglo-Norman barons (important were Fitzgeralds and Butlers) - dominant figure: Earl of Kildare (leader of Fitzgeralds), Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477. Feared by Henry as had Yorkist sympathies. Suspicion reinforced by Kildare's support for Lambert Simnel, whom he crowned king of Ireland in 1486. He supported Perkin Warbeck in 1591.

Answer 2

Kildare's actions forced Henry into action: - instead of relying on Irish aristocracy, who were cheap/unreliable, he attempted the more costly approach of rule of the 'Pale' through an Englishman, back by armed force - appointed Prince Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy

Answer 3

Poynings success: - established royal authority by force/bribery - reinforced success by requiring the Irish parliament to pass 'Poynings Law' in 1495, which laid down that the Irish parliament could pass no law without the prior approval of the English crown. He also attempted to implement English law in Ireland.

Answer 4

Poynings Limited Success: - too expensive, financial problems made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and amassed a force which besieged the town of Waterford - Henry, short of money due to threat of invasion by Scots, was forced to recall Poynings and once again had to depend on cheap option of using Kildare as his deputy

Answer 5

Kildare- by 1496 decided there was no benefit in supporting Yorkist cause any longer, decided to serve Henry loyally and secured the submission of various Irish chieftains. By around 1500 Henry had eventually secured peace, and cheap authority over Ireland. (Kildare benefitted by using his office to rebuild his family's fortunes)

Answer 6

1486- Prince Arthur born (received education deemed to be fitting for a prince and was set up with his own court at Ludlow in Shropshire. He died in 1502, which increased insecurity of the dynasty.) 1491- Prince Henry born - Henry recognised the need to dispose of the threat from the Earl of Suffolk. It was lucky that Juana/Philip of Burgundy were forced to take refuge in England in 1506 as it gave him opportunity to press Philip of Burgundy/Maximilian to hand over Suffolk to him. - Still uncertainty amongst Henry's key followers. Growing split between officials who were associated with Council Learned, e.g. Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. Still fears about Suffolk/Richard de la Pole. - Henry's health deteriorated rapidly from February 1509, died in April 1509. No announcements made immediately as some individuals tried to manipulate the terms of the succession to their advantage and to position themselves around the king (Empson and Dudley excluded). King's death announced and potential troublemakers were rounded up.

Answer 7

- essential part of international diplomacy to enhance power/influence/dynastic security - sought marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur (later Henry VIII when Arthur died). - arranged for oldest daughter Princess Margaret to be married to James IV of Scotland, which strengthened alliances with Scotland during his reign and weakened Perkin Warbeck's threat to the Tudor throne - younger daughter Mary would later (during Henry VIII throne) marry King of France, Louis XII to secure peaceful relations between the 2 countries

Answer 8

Dominated land ownership No more than about 50-60 men Peerage families (nobility) died out on a regular basis but were replaced by others who had acquired or bought the king's favour, crown relied on these for maintenance of law and order

Answer 9

Henry VII was reluctant to create new peerage titles (he was distrustful of nobility as a class). Only trusted Lancastrian military commanders such as Earl of Oxford had much political influence under Henry.

Answer 10

Through bonds and recognisances

Answer 11

Key to nobles power = bastard feudalism ('retaining') by which wealthy magnates (leading/wealthy members of nobility) recruited knights and gentlemen ('retainers') to serve them as administrators or accountants, or sometimes for military purposes

Answer 12

Potentially noblemen could use their retained men to bring unlawful influence on others in a court case or use them against the Crown, so Henry sought to limit the military power through the use of legislation against retaining. Also remained conscious of the fact that loyal retainers were essential to maintain the Crown's security

Answer 13

- 1486: peers and MPs were required to take an oath against illegal retaining or being illegally retained. (however, what constituted illegality in this context remained undefined) - 1487: a law against retaining was established - 1487 law was reinforced by an Act passed in 1504, under which licences for retaining could be sought

Answer 14

- below nobility in status came the greater gentry (often great landowners) - important member = Sir Reginald Bray, sought knighthoods as confirmation of their social status - 1490 about 500 knights (originally this status had imposed military obligations upon its holders, assumed those holding the status would assist in administration of their localities - peers + knights together owned 15-20% of country's land 'esquire' = eldest sons of knights and the younger sons of barons 'gentlemen' = anyone recognised as such by his neighbours

Answer 15

- social status of clergy varied hugely - lower parish level, curates/chantry priests modestly rewarded for dealing with spiritual needs of ordinary folk - bishops/abbots of larger religious houses were important figures who were entitled to sit in the House of Lords and who often had political roles to undertake - Henry VII used power to appoint as bishops only men who had legal training and whose administrative competence was valued more than their spirituality. - 2 most important clergymen of the reign were John Morton and Richard Fox - King reluctant to appoint men whose social background was aristocratic. The higher clergy were thus becoming less socially exclusive than had once been the case.

Answer 16

- below nobility/gentry/higher clergy = commoners - top level commoner group: 'middling sort', the rich merchants and craftsmen - lower down social scale, still respectable, were shopkeepers and skilled tradesmen. Tended to dominate the borough corporations (town councils) and played a key role in organisations such as guilds and lay confraternities which were a common feature of urban life in pre-Reformation England - in countryside the middling sort comprised yeomen farmers who farmed substantial properties for an increasingly sophisticated market economy. - decline in population had occurred as a result of Black Death reduced demand for land, resulting drop in land values had enabled the emergence of this group - below yeomen came husbandmen who typically kept smaller farms than yeomen and who supplemented their farming incomes through employment by yeomen/gentry. Together, yeomen + husbandmen = 'peasant'

Answer 17

- relatively small/politically unified, England did demonstrate regional variations (some derived from differences in agriculture) - line drawn from roughly Tees to Weymouth would have revealed extent of contrasts. Roughly 3/4 population lived below this line, which divided country into 2 basic agricultural areas. South/east of line mixed farming predominated in the more densely populated counties, especially Norfolk, Suffolk and Kent. - In more sparsely populated area to north and west, pastoral farming predominated with the rearing of sheep, cattle and horses. Expectations to this rule- pastoral farming dominated in the Fens and in the wood pastures of the Kent/Sussex Weal, and grain farming/fruit growing in Herefordshire and the Welsh border countries. - Regional identity reinforced by local government structures. Justice increasingly administered at a county level and county towns often contained jails and major churches. - areas of magnate influence often cut across county boundaries. Local identities were also reinforced by saints' cults which placed importance on centres of pilgrimage, such as Canterbury/Durham.

Answer 18

- during much of the second half of the fifteenth century, living conditions for the poor appeared to be improving. Real wages seemed to have increased but inflationary pressure more evident. - evidence points to slight increase in real wages in 1490s, by following decade seem to reversed - compared with later Tudor period, not seem to be much social discontent - 2 rebellions occurred, main trigger was taxation

Answer 19

cause: resentment of taxation granted by parliament in 1489 to finance the involvement if English forces in the campaign in Brittany why known: became particularly notorious due to murder by rebels of the Earl of Northumberland details: Northumberland was a victim of resentment against taxation. He was murdered by his tenants, but what enabled them to murder the earl was the fact Northumberland's retainers allowed them to do so by deserting him in his hour of need (punishment for his own desertion of Richard III at Bosworth)

Answer 20

cause: revolt triggered by need for revenue to finance campaign against Scotland threat to rule: sheer numbers involved (15,000), attempt to exploit rebellion made by Perkin Warbeck, fact rebels walked on London (raises question how effective maintaining order in countryside/reaching London was challenging security of Henry VII) problem: in order to ensure effective suppression he needed to withdraw Lord Daubeney/troops from defending the Scottish border. outcome: in the end rebellion crushed easily enough by Daubeney. Rebel leaders executed. Henry punished only leaders and treated the bulk of rebels with conspicuous leniency. Rebellion shocked Henry into ensuring Anglo-Scottish tensions were eased and made him particularly cautious about entering into any further foreign conflicts

Answer 21

- population around 2.2 million, majority living in countryside farming for a living - London population 50,000 - no more than 20 towns had as many as 3000 people - wool + cloth main industries (others included mining tin, shipbuilding and metal working)

Answer 22

- income from land declined after Black Death but was recovering late 1400s as the population increased again - move towards sheep farming in 1480s/1490s (due to decrease profit in crop farming and improved profits for sheep farming due to demand for wool) - England divided into 'lowland zone' to the south and east and a 'highland zone' - Mixed farming common found in lowland zone, though pastoral farming predominated in woodland areas. Open-field husbandry could be found in such areas - other areas region experiencing change, wool/cloth trades = sheep farming more profitable. Peasants lost access to land and common rights and left destitute by this process. - more widespread in first half of sixteenth century, when it created a moral outcry + political pressures no significant changes

Answer 23

The Cloth Trade: - cloth was 90% value of English exports - estimated 60% increase in cloth exports in Henry VII reign (earlier part century bulk exports were raw wool, increasingly was finished cloth dominating the trade) - finished cloth led to development of weaving, usually done as a domestic process, and fulling and dyeing, which were commercial enterprises (offered opportunity of rural employment)

Answer 24

Some cloth towns are prosperous, e.g. Lewes in Sussex. Some cities like Winchester suffered decay as cloth industry moved to newer manufacturing centres in smaller market towns/villages

Answer 25

An increasing proportion of finished cloth was exported from London through the 'Merchant Adventurers'. This established a commercial axis with Antwerp (the commercial metropolis of Europe). From Antwerp, English cloth transported all over Europe. Merchant Adventurers could not achieve complete domination of trade as could not overcome trading privileges enjoyed by the Hanseatic League which had been reasserted in treaty in 1474 and 1504. (may have agreed to reassert this treaty to ensure the Hanseatic League would offer no support to the Yorkist claimant to the throne, Earl of Suffolk)

Answer 26

Other Industries: - other industries remained small and did not compete effectively with continental competitors. e.g. Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch were superior in shipbuilding - most industrial activities e.g. weaving were small scale craft operations which needed little capital investment (supplied basic necessities of life/food/shelter) - mining remained small scale - tin mined in Cornwall - lead mined in upland areas like the Mendips - development of basic pumping technology, first in County Durham in 1486, enabled greater production

Answer 27

- approach to trade had little consistency, Henry wanted to maximise customs revenue (but happy to sacrifice revenue in order to secure the dynasty) - biggest issue concerning trade in Henry's reign stemmed from his embargo on trade with Netherlands - imposed this in 1493 due to fear/insecurity brought from Margaret of Burgundy's support of Perkin Warbeck - instead of trading directly with Netherlands, merchants were required to direct trade through Calais (invited retaliation from Netherlands) - embargo ended with the Treaty of 'Intercursus Magnus' - panic again in 1503 when Earl of Suffolk taken seriously by Burgundy. Henry attempted to reimpose the embargo - several trade treaties concluded, but minor importance, showing Henry rated foreign policy/dynastic interests as greater priorities than English merchants - trading restrictions removed 1486, reimposed to show Henry's support for Brittany, but removed again by 'Treaty of Etaples of 1492' (which encouraged Anglo-French commercial relations) - most remaining trading restrictions removed in 1497 weakness trading: attempt to make breakthrough in Mediterranean trade proved failure + Hanseatic League largely successful in limiting development of English trading interests in the Baltic

Answer 28

- Navigation Acts of 1485 and 1489: encourage English shipping by ensuring only English ships should carry certain products to and from English ports. Limited usefulness as foreign vessels continued to transport a substantial proportion of English exports

Answer 29

- fifteenth century great era of European exploration (Spanish/Portuguese opened up much of world) - English sailors slower to engage in activities, Bristol merchants/seamen interested in possibilities of transatlantic discovery (rumoured this had occurred before) - John Cabot received authorisation from Henry VII to search areas. He sailed in 1497, located Newfoundland and reported extensive fishing grounds. Set off on a second voyage, never returned. Established way for Bristol fishery. Exploration of the north Atlantic tailed off with the accession of Henry VIII, who had little appetite for supporting enterprises.

Answer 30

- temporary price rise in 1480s, rest remained steady - decline in export price of wool and in the price of grain/animal products in the 1490s. Might imply a reduction in farming profitability + rising real incomes for domestic consumers - both building workers and agricultural labourers were better off during 1490s than they would be at any other point in Tudor period

Answer 31

- belonged to Catholic Church and were under the jurisdiction of the Pope in Rome (own religious experience central to lives of most people) - parish church, over 8000, was the force of religious experience. The church provided the focus of popular entertainment. Festivals provided enjoyment and its guilds and confraternities offered charity, good fellowship and the chance for ordinary people to contribute to the good of their local community. - easier for social/political elites to maintain social control through good behaviour/obedience/stress. - provided employment opportunities and for a few (Cardinal Wolsey) the opportunity to advance themselves socially - church held by Pope in Rome, who had spiritual power + head of state in northern Italy - popes did little at this time to interfere with church in England, the relationship between church and state was Erastian. King was firmly in control and popes generally eager to grant favours demanded by the king. - papacy had no objection to the way in which Henry used the wealth of the church to reward those churchmen to whom he had given high political office - church administered through 2 provinces, Canterbury and York, each under jurisdiction of an archbishop, and 17 dioceses, each under control of a bishop. (some dioceses e.g. Durham had considerable wealth) - common for senior churchmen to have positions of influence/power - two churchmen who exercised most power were John Morton and Richard Fox - most senior clergymen were highly competent + conscientious professionals (often legal training) - the abbots, heads of the wealthiest religious houses, shared membership of House of Lords with the bishops (also had administrative skills)

Answer 32

- church provided outward structures of community life + framework for controlling how an individual thought/reasoned/behaved - function: spread + uphold Christian teaching and offering individuals ways to acquire grace to reach heaven and minimise the time a soul would spend in purgatory - to reach heaven, had to observe as many seven sacraments as possible (Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Anointing of the sick, Penance, Holy Orders, Eucharist) - central religious experience of the Catholic Church came with the Mass, where priest perform the sacrament of Holy Communion, also known as Eucharist. Transubstantiation also important. - Mass important for 2 reasons: sacrifice performed by priest on behalf of community + sacred ritual in which the whole community participated

Answer 33

- lay people funded rebuilding of many churches/objects which accompanied services. The dying would often leave money (enhance beauty church/ensure remembrance of benefactor/reduce time benefactor would spend in purgatory) - benefactors would leave money for the foundation of chantries, benefactors saw donations as a way of benefitting the religious experience of themselves + community (this is key to understand why dissolution of chantries under Henry VIII caused so much distress) - other communal religious influences = confraternity (religious guild/lay brotherhood, groups of men sometimes women who gathered together usually for charity means) - Guilds were popular/varied greatly in size and wealth. Some ran schools and maintained bridges/highways. - going on pilgrimage another way the individual could gain relief from purgatory (e.g. visiting tomb of a saint) individual religious experience became more important as the 15th century progressed

Answer 34

- around 1% males in England c1500 were monks, living under rule of monasteries - oldest/most common religious order was the Benedictines (most houses large, some operated as cathedral churches of their diocese) - monks came from range social backgrounds, large proportion in larger houses drawn from wealthier parts of society

Answer 35

- worked among lay people/largely supported by charitable donations - three main orders of friars: black friars, grey friars and the Augustinians - orders of friars seem to have recruited from lower down the social scale than the larger monasteries

Answer 36

- less prestige, mostly populated by women deemed unsuitable for marriage - quality of nunneries relatively poor

Answer 37

Lollardy: - placed stress on understanding of Bible and favoured its translation into English - sceptical about transubstantiation and principles of the Eucharist, and considered Catholic church to be corrupt. Denied special status of priesthood

Answer 38

Hersey: - Lollard views considered heresy but still persisted in parts of southern England - widespread end 14th century, popularity declined after failed Lollard uprising 1414

Answer 39

Anticlericalism: - assumed anticlericalism widespread in late medieval England - Haigh argues 'outbursts of anticlericalism were rare, they were often politically motivated and continued healthy numbers of candidates for priesthood showed priests retained support of most members of laity'

Answer 40

- earliest humans scholars of importance = William Grocyn and Thomas Linacre (Grocyn lectured at Oxford on ideas of Plato/Aristotle, Linacre influenced by scientific thinking he acquired in Italy) - John Colet saw humanist scholarly approaches as a means of reforming Church. Ally in process was Desiderius Erasmus, who epitomised spirit of new learning (his friendship with Thomas More would give huge boost to humanist ideas in early years of Henry VIII reign) During Henry VII reign, humanism/Renaissance had little impression on England

Answer 41

- 'song schools' and 'reading schools' provided elementary education for the very young - 53 new grammar schools founded 1460-1509 (ample provision for wealthy, for majority access to education depended on where they lived) - central to curriculum = Latin - university education rested with ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge

Answer 42

- plays sometimes associated with church-ale festivals - most famous dramas were mystery plays performed at the feasts of Corpus Christi (e.g. in York) - set out straightforward moral and religious messages for moral improvement of audiences

Answer 43

- from bagpipe and wind groups to choral pieces in cathedral - music underwent beginning of a 'renaissance' as single line chants gave way to polyphonic choral music, where different parts if choir sang independent melodic lines, heard in cathedrals/other major churches - most important surviving source for music is Eton Choirbook - music performed at court/in homes of wealthy used instruments e.g. trumpet

Answer 44

- massive building/rebuilding of parish churches at the time (Gothic perpendicular style shows scale of investment) - English culture still followed Gothic traditions of northwestern Europe, with primitive visual style. New industry of printing still only concerned with traditional medieval culture. - tastes began to change and by Henry VII's death in 1509 Humanist influences had reached England, particularly from Italy. Humanist scholars became more fashionable.

Answer 45

- three main functions: to advise the king, to administer the realm on the king's behalf, to make legal judgements - permanent body with a core membership - 'professional' councillors like Bray and Dudley often met to deal with legal/administrative matters in London when other councillors were with the king elsewhere - those that advised king not necessarily on council

Answer 46

- Council's main offshoot - developed under Bray's leadership - function: maintain the king's revenue/exploit prerogative rights - made the system of bonds and recognisances work so effectively - Bray's associate in the Council Learned = Richard Empson, a fiercely ambitious lawyer, whose ruthless approach seemed to define the behaviour of the Council Learned - following Bray's death, Empson joined by Edmund Dudley- they formed a feared combination of able/conscientious bureaucrats who raised the extraction of money from the king's subjects to a fine art - created enemies with key advisors e.g. Thomas Lovell - downfall of Empson + Dudley = rejoice on the streets = indication of how feared/unpopular their financial control had become

Answer 47

- centre of government - influenced by continental examples of royal courts, especially those in Burgundy + France - royal court found wherever the king was (personal monarchy/royal ceremony/power of monarchy demonstrated) - where rewards and status was demonstrated, courtiers received paid positions/free food Different levels of court: 1) household proper = responsible looking after king/courtiers/guests. Personal/catering requirements supervised by Lord Steward 2) politically important part = Chamber, presided by the Lord Chamberlain (an influential courtier). Lord Chamberlain = powerful/trust - blow to Henry when Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, had been involved in plot with Perkin Warbeck (this created Privy Chamber = king could retreat, protected by servants, made it difficult for those out of favour with king to regain his support)

Answer 48

- comprising the House of Commons + House of Lords - not central to system of government - 2 main functions: to pass laws and to grant taxation to the Crown - had a further subsidiary function as a means by which local issues/grievances could be passed on to the king's officials by local MPs - Henry called parliament 7 times in his reign (early parliaments concerned with national security/raising revenue) - some parliaments granted extraordinary revenue (e.g. 1497) - overall: Parliament operated effectively, king respected its decisions, number of private acts passed for local improvements

Answer 49

- prime responsibility: law and order - concerned enemies may exploit trouble to challenge authority - king relied on members of nobility to exercise power on his behalf (without becoming too powerful) - magnate control largely confined to north of England, to Henry's relatives the Stanleys in the northwest and to the Earl of Northumberland in the northeast/Yorkshire, though the murder in 1489 = left Henry without a great magnate, so he resolved this problem by releasing Yorkist Earl of Surrey from the Tower (imprisoned since BoB) to rule the north (risky but he proved his loyalty)

Answer 50

- local level, rely on JPs in countryside to maintain law + order - JPs met 4x a year - most JPs = gentry who fulfilled unpaid tasks out of sense of duty or that they thought they may be advanced - JPs responsible for: tax assessments, alehouse regulation, investigation of complaints against local officials, and maintenance of law and order

Answer 51

- restored law and order mainly by forcing subjects to take out bonds and recognisances - some were as a result of genuine debts owed to the Crown, many were purely political - used them to enforce order/obedience, and defeat the law

Answer 52

sources of royal income: - crown lands - profits from feudal dues - customs revenue - pensions from other powers - profits of justice - extraordinary revenue many believe he was a miserly king who begrudged throwing money away

Answer 53

- Henry VII largest landowner, rental income from his property = important part of Crown's ordinary revenue - beginning reign, income = £12,000, by end of reign = £42,000, due to changing system of administration

Answer 54

- customs revenue: tonnage and poundage for life by Henry's first parliament - pensions from other powers: Treaty of Etaples, 1492, French agreed to pay Henry a pension of £5000 per annum - profits of justice - extraordinary revenue (helped to provoke rebellions in 1489 and 1497, so came at a price) political price to pay at raising revenue, with landowners threatening the crown

Answer 55

Like other Lancastrians, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, was in exile in Brittany during the second reign of Edward IV. In 1483, he tried to land in England to seize the throne from Richard III but failed, leading to the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. His second attempt to invade England in 1485 was successful, thanks to the support of France, Scotland and Wales. He gathered more support as he made for the town of Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, meeting Richard III and his troops on 22 August 1485. Henry's troops were led by John de Vere, Earl of Oxford and his uncle Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke. His stepfather and step-uncle, Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, joined his side at the last minute and swung the battle in Henry’s favour. Richard III was killed when he attempted to kill Henry in hand-to-hand combat at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII attained the English Crown upon the battlefield.

Answer 56

Henry Tudor was born in Pembroke Castle in Wales on 28 January 1457. He was described as high-spirited, intelligent, amiable, respected and efficient. He had an understanding of court politics and involved himself in the day-to-day government. Because monarchy was personal, the success of the kingdom depended on the monarch’s traits, interests and attitude towards administration. Henry VII wanted to maintain a strong hold on the English throne and to pass on an unchallenged succession to his heir. To do this, he would have to: Maintain law and order and develop an effective government Take control of the nobility to prevent civil wars Strengthen the Crown’s control of England and foreign policy Improve the Crown's financial strength

Answer 57

Predated his reign Rewarded supporters Detained possible threats Early coronation Parliamentary Acts of Attainder Marriage and an heir Progress

Answer 58

The failure of the Lovell and Stafford rebellion led to the Yorkists' change of tactics to overthrow Henry VII. John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, put together a conspiracy assigning to Lambert Simnel the role of a young Yorkist prince who was the rightful heir to the throne with Margaret of Burgundy acting as the wealthy financier. Simnel, who was trained in impersonation, pretended to be the Earl of Warwick and was crowned King of England in Ireland in May 1487. This deception was exposed by Henry VII by showing the real Earl of Warwick around London. In response to this rebellion, Henry VII reinstated to power the previously untrustworthy Earl of Northumberland in the north. He also gathered a group of advisors including Yorkists who had afflicted relations with Richard III in the south and Midlands, efficiently led by the Earl of Oxford. Simnel's army was crushed at the battle of Stoke Field, and Lincoln was killed. The victory of Henry VII at Stoke Field made the king's position safer but not completely secure and his mild treatment of the rebels (Simnel was given a job in the royal kitchens) weakened the Yorkist cause.

Answer 59

Perkin Warbeck, a cloth trader from Tournai in Flanders, claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes in the Tower. He started impersonating the young prince in 1491 in Ireland. He then appeared briefly at the court of Charles VIII of France before proceeding to the court of Margaret of Burgundy, where he learned the manners of a Yorkist prince and began to attract English nobles into his conspiracy. In 1495, Warbeck's attempt to invade England came to a defeat and the pretender was forced to flee to the court of James IV of Scotland, where he was offered men and a noble bride. In 1496, his troops attempted to invade England again but quickly withdrew back to Scotland. James IV gave in to Henry VII’s offer of marriage to his daughter Margaret. Warbeck made another attempt to steal the throne during the Cornish Rebellion in 1497, which led to his capture. Henry's leniency toward Warbeck ended when the rebel allegedly tried to escape from the Tower of London with the Earl of Warwick. Warbeck and Warwick were executed in 1499.

Answer 60

Francis, Viscount Lovell, a key supporter of Richard III, attempted to raise a rebellion against Henry VII in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Humphrey Stafford's attempt to gather support in the Midlands led to his capture and execution but Henry VII pardoned his younger brother, Thomas Stafford. The rebellion gained little support and Lovell managed to escape to the court of Margaret of Burgundy, sister of Richard III.

Answer 61

The security of Henry VII's dynasty was tested by the younger brothers of the Earl of Lincoln, Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and Richard de la Pole. Suffolk’s grievances against Henry VII were rooted in some lands lost to the Crown, huge relief payments, and his demotions from Duke to Earl. Suffolk fled England to seek the support of Philip of Habsburg against Henry VII. Henry VII then arrested members of his family and friends and negotiated the handing over of Suffolk from Philip in 1506. Suffolk stayed in the Tower of London until he was executed in 1513.

Answer 62

Sir William Stanley, step-uncle of the king, was appointed as the Lord Chamberlain after their support at Bosworth decisively won Henry VII the crown. However, the loyalty of the Stanleys heavily relied on which was more beneficial for their family's survival. When Stanley was discovered to be in support of Perkin Warbeck, he was convicted of treason and beheaded.

Answer 63

Margaret of York, the sister of both Edward IV and Richard III, became the Duchess of Burgundy by her marriage to Charles the Bold. After the death of her husband, she acted as a protector of the Burgundian State.

Answer 64

What was her role in the Yorkist opposition? Margaret of Burgundy became involved in early Tudor politics as she held onto the Yorkist succession to the throne. Her support was instrumental to the rebellion of the pretenders: Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. She provided 2,000 mercenaries, led by the German Martin Schwarz, to the rebellion led by Simnel. She funded and supported Warbeck's rebellion.

Answer 65

The Wars of the Roses had reduced the great magnate houses across England and Wales, leaving Henry VII in a relatively stronger position than his Yorkist predecessors. Whilst the nobility survived the decades-long political feuds and conspiracies by remaining neutral on many occasions, its highest ranks were considerably weakened. To further secure his position and to prevent the civil wars that characterised the rule of his predecessors, Henry VII had to control the nobility and avoid an unhealthy dependence upon them. He maintained a reduction in the size of the nobility. His relatives and closest supporters received the bulk of grants and restorations. The peerage shrank from 55 nobles to 42. He disallowed the marriage of certain nobles and wealthy heiresses and put the old, powerful families including the Percys and the Staffords under surveillance. He developed a policy of using bonds and recognisances as he used them to control areas of the country. He ordered the release of the ex-Yorkist Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, from the Tower and assigned him to control Yorkshire. He tried to limit retaining, the keeping of private armies of the nobles, by passing laws in 1487 and 1504. Peers and members of the parliament took an oath against illegal retaining. Nobles had to acquire licences to keep armed men that should only be used on the king’s behalf.

Answer 66

Royal finances were one of the governmental priorities of Henry VII. Whilst he initially lacked experience in financial administration, he recognised the importance of strong finances to secure his position. Financial stability and raising revenues became one of his aims when he gained the Crown.

Answer 67

One of the important changes in finances under Henry VII was the transferring of the administration of royal finances from the Court of the Exchequer to Chamber system. The Chamber became the centre of royal finances and Henry VII kept a close eye on the accounts and checked all entries. It was under the direct supervision of the king, unlike the Court of the Exchequer which had its own officials.

Answer 68

The development of the Chamber into the national treasury resulted in: Reorganisation of the royal household The Privy Chamber increased most in importance as it took over the administration of the household and the king's private expenditure, which were formerly a function of the Chamber.

Answer 69

The Privy Chamber consisted of close personal servants who had direct access to the monarch. Its staff, who were lower ranking members of the royal household, saw to the monarch’s personal needs and could potentially influence the king’s decisions. Henry VII increasingly relied on his Privy Chamber after the discovery of his former Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley's treachery.

Answer 70

Oversee the transfer of all royal revenues - Ordinary revenue and extraordinary revenue

Answer 71

Due to this shift in the administration of royal finances, the Treasurer of the Chamber became the most important financial figure during Henry VII’s reign. The post was held by: Sir Thomas Lovell (1485-1492) Sir John Heron (1492-1509)

Answer 72

Crown lands Feudal obligations Bonds and recognisances Customs duties Profits of justice

Answer 73

Crown lands - lands held by the king through inheritance or confiscation from traitors. Crown lands significantly increased under Henry VII through the Acts of Attainders, Act of Resumption and forfeitures.

Answer 74

Feudal obligations - collected from tenants-in-chief for various reasons: Wardship – the king had the right to look after the heir and their land if the heir was a minor Livery – a fine paid to recover lands from wardship Relief – money paid to the king if land was inherited Escheats – money paid when land was reverted to the Crown Marriage dues for heiresses

Answer 75

Bonds and recognisances - bonds were written agreements in which a person promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to keep their promise while recognisances were a formal acknowledgement of a debt/obligation with the understanding to pay money when the debt/obligation was not met.

Answer 76

Customs duties - payment collected for English defences including the prerogative duties on wool and some imports, and import and export duties of tonnage and poundage and a subsidy on wool exports.

Answer 77

Profits of justice - fees paid for royal writs and letters, and fines levied by the court.

Answer 78

Parliamentary grants - basic tax: one-fifteenth of the value of goods in rural areas and one-tenth in urban areas.

Answer 79

Benevolences - forced loans without repayment.

Answer 80

Loans - provided by wealthy subjects in times of emergency.

Answer 81

Clerical taxes - collected from simony and revenues from vacant bishopric.

Answer 82

Feudal aid - a due levied on special occasions.

Answer 83

French pension - paid by the King of France, in accordance to the terms of the Treaty of Etaples.

Answer 84

Loans Benevolences Clerical taxes Feudal aid French pension

Answer 85

It was the king's demands for money that led to the rebellions in Yorkshire and Cornwall. Social discontent in these regions stemmed from the increasing burden of taxation. Unlike the wealthy south-east of England, these regions were poor. Yorkshire people resented being governed by southerners and the Cornish were unwilling to pay taxes for the defence of the northern part of the kingdom. This opposition to taxation led to non-dynastic rebellion in Yorkshire (1489) and Cornwall (1497).

Answer 86

CAUSE In 1489, Henry VII made plans to provide assistance to Brittany in its efforts to maintain independence within the kingdom of France. To aid this military intervention, taxation had to be raised and paid in cash, which caused resentment especially in Yorkshire and Northumberland. Additionally, Yorkshire suffered from a poor harvest and this taxation was seen as a heavy burden.

Answer 87

Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, laid down the case of the people before the king but discussion proved futile and the Earl returned north empty-handed. Northumberland met with the people in Yorkshire to relay that the king would not bend. A scuffle broke out leading to the Earl's death. The rebels asked for a pardon but the king sent a large army to the north under the command of Thomas, Earl of Surrey. The leader of the rebellion, John à Chambre, was hanged for treason. Sir John Egremont led the rebels, but soon fled to Flanders when the rising was brought under control.

Answer 88

IMPACT Henry VII travelled north and granted pardons to the rebels. The Earl of Surrey replaced Northumberland. The problem in the north was resolved but the tax collection for the Brittany campaign failed.

Answer 89

CAUSE Henry VII's actions to manage Warbeck's invasion attempt that was backed by Scotland led to the rebellion of the Cornishmen. The king demanded a forced loan from the region in 1496, a double portion of fifteenths and tenths taxation and a special subsidy levy in 1497. The tax levy led to the armed revolt of the people in Cornwall.

Answer 90

The riot began in Cornwall and quickly grew into a rebellion with as many as 15,000 people marching to Exeter, Salisbury, Winchester and then on to Kent. The rebellion posed a serious threat that London was called to arms. The rebels faced the king’s forces at Blackheath, which was only a few miles away from London and dangerously close to the royal arsenal at Greenwich. The battle resulted in the death of thousands and the capture and execution of the three ringleaders, Michael Joseph, James Touchet and Lord Audley.

Answer 91

IMPACT Henry VII knighted his loyal soldiers and rewarded others for their service in guarding London. Cornwall was burdened by monetary penalties after the rebellion until in 1508 the king acted to grant compensation to the Cornish grievances.

Answer 92

The Royal Council was a group of advisers who supported the king in making key decisions. Whilst 227 men were recorded to have attended the council, the king met with a much smaller group of around six or seven members. John Morton and Reginald Bray were two of Henry VII's prominent councillors. Advise the king Administer the realm on the king's behalf Make legal judgements

Answer 93

The Council Learned branched out of the Royal Council and focused on pursuing Henry VII’s prerogative and feudal rights. Its functions such as enforcing bonds and recognisances increased the Crown's revenue and kept nobles under scrutiny.

Answer 94

The king had a stronger hold over areas in the south and east of England than in the north. The king's varying degree of popularity was the basis of the need to establish control over potentially troublesome parts of the kingdom. Henry VII needed the cooperation of local noblemen thus he allowed different systems of government for different regions. For example, Wales was controlled by the Council of Wales.

Answer 95

At a local level, he relied on Justices of the Peace (JPs) to maintain law and order in the countryside. The king had a stronger hold over areas in the south and east of England than in the north. The king's varying degree of popularity was the basis of the need to establish control over potentially troublesome parts of the kingdom. Henry VII needed the cooperation of local noblemen thus he allowed different systems of government for different regions. For example, Wales was controlled by the Council of Wales. JPs were men from the local gentry who willingly took on the roles in the hope of gaining advancement. (Power granted to JPs by parliament) Assess for tax Regulate alehouses Investigate complaints against local officials and nobles Maintain law and order in their local areas

Answer 96

Parliament was occasionally summoned, thus it was not central to the system of government. During Henry VII's reign, parliament convened seven times. Pass laws Grant taxation to the Crown

Answer 97

Parliament helped Henry VII consolidate control after Bosworth through the Acts of Attainder. Parliament granted Henry VII customs duty for life. Through the 1486 Act of Resumption, all the lands granted away since 1455 were returned to the Crown.

Answer 98

In 1485, England was not very involved in European affairs. In fact, it had not been since the end of the Hundred Years War in 1453. Due to its proximity to other foreign powers and its limited military forces, England was vulnerable to attacks and invasions. These conditions positioned England with a minor power.

Answer 99

The Netherlands, especially Antwerp, had to remain accessible for England's clothing industry. Foreign powers could back Yorkist claimants to the throne. Calais, a highly valued English foothold on the continent, was still under England's control.

Answer 100

Establish a positive relationship with the major states in Europe Develop good diplomatic ties with leaders in Europe to prevent them from supporting other claimants to the English throne

Answer 101

The agreement was signed in March 1489 between England and Spain with three main conditions: Spain and England would provide aid to each other should one declare war on France Reduction of tariffs between the two countries Arrangement of marriage between Henry VII's heir, Arthur, and daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, Catherine

Answer 102

The agreement was signed in February 1489 in Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine between Henry VII and representatives of Brittany with Henry sending 6000 English troops to fight for Brittany's independence within the kingdom of France. This move marked a transition in England's policy from acquiring and holding territories in France to a more defensive programme.

Answer 103

The agreement was signed between Charles VIII of France and Henry VII in November 1492 with the conditions: England would accept French control of Brittany The French would withdraw support for Warbeck War indemnity would be paid to the English Crown This put an end to the Breton crisis.

Answer 104

This arrangement was made between Henry VII and James IV of Scotland in 1497 due to the Cornish rebellion. It led to the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1502, sealed with the marriage of Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor to James IV of Scotland. Additionally, the treaty sought to outline various guidelines for overseeing the English and Scottish borders and prevent war escalating from local cross-border conflicts.

Answer 105

Henry VII used marriage to build political alliance. He protected his lineage with his marriage to Elizabeth of York. To aid his foreign policy, the king agreed to arrange the marriages of his children to potential allies.

Answer 106

The king's eldest son, Prince Arthur, was betrothed to Spain's Catherine of Aragon in 1489 in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Medina del Campo. Their marriage occurred in 1501 but was not consummated due to Arthur's death in 1502. The king had another male heir, Prince Henry, who could marry Catherine of Aragon with the Pope's dispensation to continue the Anglo-Spanish alliance.

Answer 107

Henry VII’s eldest daughter, Margaret, was arranged to be married to James IV of Scotland in accordance with the terms of the Truce of Ayton further agreed on in the Treaty of Perpetual Peace. Their marriage in 1503 aimed to improve the security at England’s northern border.

Answer 108

A successful trade policy could improve England's position in foreign affairs and could potentially bring wealth to the kingdom. Henry VII explored various options to deal with overseas trade. In 1486, Henry VII negotiated a treaty with France that removed all restrictions on Anglo-French trade but this did not fully materialise until 1497 due to the Breton crisis. The Treaty of Medina del Campo was successful in establishing strong trading relations between Spain and England.

Answer 109

In 1490, Henry VII signed a treaty that would allow English wool to be imported into Pisa, the main port of Florence. Then he restricted the sale of wool to the Venetians, who imposed very large tariffs on all English goods imported into their state. Consequently, the Venetian government lifted import duties on English goods fearing that Florence would overpower them in the wool trade.

Answer 110

Antwerp in the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands, was one of England's major export markets. The cloth trade was both important to Burgundy and England. Margaret of Burgundy's meddling in early Tudor politics resulted in a trade embargo issued by Henry VII and reciprocated by Duke Philip IV of Burgundy. This policy could negatively affect England's expansion of trade but due to successful trade agreements with France and Spain, English trade routes became diverse and depended less on Antwerp. This allowed Henry VII to maintain the embargo for three years until in 1496, Margaret of Burgundy had to accept the Intercursus Magnus with the terms: Margaret would acknowledge the Tudor succession and would cease supporting Warbeck.

Answer 111

When Duke Philip and his wife, Joanna of Castile, were shipwrecked off the coast of England in 1506, Henry VII took this opportunity to turn the terms of their trade agreement in England's favour by holding the two hostage. Philip had to agree to the Malus Intercursus with the terms: Duties would be removed from English textile exports without reciprocity and with little compensation for the Burgundians Henry VII's rival, Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk would be handed over to England Philip's sister, Margaret of Austria, would marry Henry VII, a widower at the time Suffolk was released to England but the other terms were never ratified upon Philip's death. A third treaty was signed in 1507, which saw a near complete return to the terms of the Intercursus Magnus.

Answer 112

The Great Treaty that resumed good trading relations between England and Burgundy

Answer 113

A trade agreement between England and Burgundy, which was more favourable to England than to the Netherlands

Henry VII Flashcards

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