Mary I Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
When was Mary I’s reign as queen?
A
1553 - 1558
2
Q
Why was it illegal for the Duke of Northumberland to proclaim Lady Jane Grey queen instead of Mary?
A
Henry VIII’s will still had the force of law and said Mary should succeed Edward
3
Q
How did Mary respond to Northumberland declaring Lady Jane Grey as queen?
A
She gathered her supporters in East Anglia
4
Q
What was Northumberland’s response to the outpouring of popular support for Mary becoming queen?
A
He rode to East Anglia to meet her and proclaimed her queen in Cambridge market.
5
Q
Why was there so much popular acclaim for Mary becoming queen?
A
Either enthusiasm for a legitimate Tudor accession, or because she was a Catholic and people wanted a return to Catholicism
6
Q
Why was Mary unable to reward courtiers with access to her Privy Chamber?
A
Because she was a woman, so men weren’t allowed access to it
7
Q
How did Mary reward courtiers without giving them access to her Privy Chamber?
A
She gave them a place on her Privy Council instead?
8
Q
How many people did Mary appoint as Privy Councillors during her reign?
A
50
9
Q
How many of Mary’s Privy Councillors actually played an active role in her government?
A
Only a handful
10
Q
Who were the two Privy Councillors Mary relied upon for advice and support the most?
A
Bishop Stephen Gardiner and Lord Paget
11
Q
Which three non-Privy Councillors did Mary rely on for advice?
A
Cardinal Pole; Philip of Spain; Simon Renard
12
Q
In what year did Mary marry Philip of Spain?
A
1554
13
Q
What restrictions were placed on Philip while he was King consort?
A
He would have the title of King but have no powers, no foreigners were allowed to hold offices of state, and if Mary died before Philip then he was to have no claim on the English crown
14
Q
What did Parliament do to show that it didn’t consider Philip to be King?
A
In 1554 Parliament prevented Philip being included along with Mary in a bill that redefined treason, and in 1555 Parliament prevented Philip being coronated as a King
15
Q
When did Mary name Elizabeth as her successor?
A
11 days before she died
16
Q
What were Mary’s two foreign policy objectives?
A
To restore England to papal supremacy and marry Philip of Spain
17
Q
Why was Paul IV becoming Pope in 1555 a disaster for Mary?
A
He hated Spain and he contributed to war breaking out between Spain and France. Mary ended up at war with France, fighting with Spain and effectively against the Pope
18
Q
Why did England declare war on France in 1557?
A
Thomas Stafford, grandson of the Duke of Buckingham, landed at Scarborough with a group of French troops.
19
Q
How did Mary’s war with France start well?
A
England successfully besieged St. Quentin
20
Q
Why did Mary’s war with France become disastrous in January 1558?
A
England lost Calais
21
Q
How did Mary reform the administration and finances of the Navy?
A
Six new ships were built and many others repaired, and £14,000 was allocated to the Navy in peace time
22
Q
How was religion reformed in Mary’s first parliament?
A
The religious legislation passed during Edward’s reign was all repealed. The order of service at the death of Henry VIII was restored, and clergymen who had married during Edward’s reign could be removed from their positions in the church
23
Q
When was Cardinal Pole sent to England from Rome as Papal Legate?
A
In 1554 once the Pope accepted that the lands taken from dissolved monasteries and chantries would not be returned
24
Q
When did the Church of England return to Papal jurisdiction?
A
In January 1555 with the passage of the Act of Repeal which revoked the royal supremacy
25
How many protestants were burned at the stake during Mary's reign?
289
26
Who were the three most prominent protestants burned at the stake in Mary's reign?
Thomas Cranmer; Hugh Latimer; Nicholas Ridley
27
How did Pole try to reform Catholicism in England in his Legatine Synod of 1555-6?
He expected Bishops to live in their diocese, to preach regularly, and to monitor their parishes. There was also a proposal never enacted for each cathedral to have a seminary to train priests
28
What led to an increase in food prices and poverty in Mary's reign?
Harvest failures in 1555 and 1556
29
What led to a period of very high mortality in 1557-8?
An outbreak of sweating sickness
30
How did the new Court of Exchequer manage crown finances more efficiently?
It consolidated the functions of the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations
31
What action brought Mary some short-term popularity but damaged crown finances?
She remitted the final part of Edward's last Subsidy
32
Where were there supposed to be simultaneous risings in protest at Mary's marriage to Philip?
Devon, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire and Kent
33
When plans of the rebellion leaked out in January 1554 the rebels tried to put their plans into action quickly. Where was the only uprising to take place, and who led it?
Kent - Sir Thomas Wyatt
34
How many men did Sir Thomas Wyatt raise for his rebellion?
3,000
35
What were the motives of the rebels in Wyatt's Rebellion?
The motives were partly religious, with many coming from the Protestant stronghold of Maidstone. The decline of the local cloth industry also probably motivated some others. But the main motive was opposition to Mary's marriage to Philip.
36
What happened during Wyatt's Rebellion?
The rebels marched from Kent to London, avoided an army led by the Duke of Norfolk, marched around the city and then surrendered at Ludgate, one of the city gates.
37
What was the failure of the Devyse?
- popular support quick to appear
Northumberland's plans failed due to:
1) attempted to interfere with legitimate succession and had compounded this by promoting the claim of his son's wife (sordid attempt to hold onto power)
2) behaviour was illegal, upset some of his committed supports on the council
3) little positive support (compared to Mary who acted decisively/quickly and gathered support from nobility/gentry/ordinary folk)
38
How was Mary greeted?
Greeted favourably by English people (questioned whether due to supporting legitimate succession or return to Catholic faith)
39
What problems did the Royal Government face?
Problems faced:
- inherited a kingdom which had fundamental religious divisions
- Catholic in a kingdom which had substantial Protestant minority
- not been brought up to rule, little political instinct to cope with challenges
- loyal and trusted supporters (e.g. Robert Rochester) had no serious experience in government
- Mary would have to rely on those who served Edward and was implicated in introduction of religious reforms that were distasteful to her
40
Who were Mary's new councillors?
New Councillors included:
- Bishop Stephen Gardiner, her father's secretary and steadfast upholder of religious conservatism during Edward's reign in which he suffered imprisonment
- other churchmen, who had been excluded from influence during Edward's reign
- some more conservative councillors who had at times served Edward, e.g. Lord Paget
- Mary never quite at ease with councillors. Lost confidence in Paget due to opposition to religious programme and never fully trusted Gardiner (failed to support mother during Break from Rome). Did regard Gardiner as indispensable, his death left a gap in government.
- thrown back on advice from two foreigners she trusted, Philip of Spain and Simon Renard
41
What was the relationship between Mary and parliament like?
- relationship between Mary + parliament usually one of cautious cooperation.
- some MPs (about 80) opposed reversal of Edwardian religious legislation, other opposition to Crown policies
- concern for property rights (due to self interest) ensured ex-monastic property would not be restored to the church, Mary did not press the point
- Mary quarrelled with Parliament over issue of succession
42
Problems of Succession
Spanish Marriage, 1554:
- she regarded it as essential to marry and produce an heir so a Catholic succession was guaranteed, required it happened as soon as possible as was 37
- raised issue of who to marry (one English candidate, Earl of Devon, but brought threat of factional rivalry as husband's family would inevitably become more influential + Devon lacked courtly skills = unsuitable candidate)
- Mary personal favourite was Philip of Spain, her view easily reinforced by main advisor Simon Renard. Charles V offered guidance/support/advice during Mary's years of unhappiness, so supported the match.
Difficulty:
- English public opinion hostile
- Parliamentary delegation attempted unsuccessfully to dissuade Mary from her intentions.
To allay fears a detailed marriage treaty was drawn up:
- Philip was to be given the title of king but was to exercise none of the power that went with the title
- no foreigners were to be permitted to hold English offices
- if Mary predeceased Philip then the latter could have no claim on the English Crown
Marriage took place in 1554 (Philip spent little time in England, due to foul weather, English court/people being unwelcoming, hostility from courtiers and Mary was 11 years older than him)
Parliament not happy either, 1554 rejected a bill that would specifically have included Philip along Mary in new law on treason and 1555 prevented Philip's coronation as king
43
Plans for the Succession
- Elizabeth would succeed Mary if she died childless, creating immediate issue for Mary as she knew Elizabeth was protestant and would reverse religious policy back
- Mary did not love Elizabeth (due to Anne Boleyn being reason for her parents breakdown) and considered her illegitimate/no moral right to throne.
- to deny her the right of succession would require parliamentary legislation to overturn the 1544 act Henry VIII put in place or Elizabeth's disqualification through treason
- Following Wyatt rebellion, Elizabeth confined in Tower of London. No proof she was implicated, did not want to pursue treason charge with no evidence, so Elizabeth released after 2 months
- attempts to change succession through Acts of Parliament came to nothing
- childless Mary forced to accept Elizabeth would be her successor, Mary health worsened, Mary formally named Elizabeth as her successor on 6th November 1558. Died 11 days later
44
What were Mary's fp aims?
2 aims:
1) to restore England to papal supremacy
2) to marry Philip, heir to the Spanish throne
- both achieved, took longer than imagined. Two goals came into conflict with each other
45
Relations with Foreign Powers
- difficult for England to remain neutral in any Franco-Spanish conflict, one of main instigators in conflict was anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV. England dragged into war against France and effectively war against papacy (terrible blow)
- England finally declared war on France in 1557 following landing at Scarborough of French troops. Many members of nobility enthusiastic about prospect of war, offered a way for those who had been in disfavour because of Edward's regime to regain some credit with the Crown
- militarily campaign had promising start, assisting Spanish at successful siege of St Quentin/ dealing easily with minor incursion into England by Scots (soon turned into disaster with loss in January 1558 of Calais. No attempt to recapture town, a full-scale attack on the port of Brest in summer 1558 failed dismally)
46
Which supporters were loyal but had little experience?
-Robert Rochester
-Edward Waldegrave
-Sir Henry Jerningham
-Sir Henry Bedingfield
47
What was Mary's problem's when she came to the throne?
She had to rely on supporters of Edward
48
Name some of Mary's councillors
-Bishop Gardner (had been Henry VIII's secretary and faced imprisonment under Edward)
-Other Churchmen who had been excluded from influence under Edward
-Others who had served Edward most importantly Paget
49
Who did Mary lose confidence in due to opposition to her religious programme?
Paget (and she never really trusted Gardner due to the fact he didn't support Catherine during break of Rome, but he was important and left a gap when he died in 1555)
50
How many MP's opposed the reversal of Edwardian religious legislation?
80
51
Who did Mary rely on after Gardner died for advice?
Two foreigners (Husband- Phillip of Spain and Simon Renard)
52
What other point has opposition?
Mary's attempt to restore monastic lands to the church (was refused and Mary did not try and get it passed further)
53
What bill in 1555 was defeated?
The bill to allow the seizure of property of Protestant exiles
54
Who were candidates for Mary to marry?
-Edward Courtenay
-Earl of Devon (both providing concerns of factional rivalries if married)
-Phillip of Spain (partly due to relation Mary had with the Father during her tough times)
55
What was Phillip given when he married Mary?
-King title but no power
-No foreigner could ever hold the throne if the monarch died.
56
When did the marriage take place between Mary and Philip?
1554 (and 1555 parliament rejected allowing Philip to be in the new law on treason with Mary)
57
When did Mary formally name Elizabeth as her successor?
6th November 1558
58
When did Paul IV become Pope? What was the significance?
May 1555
anti - Spanish
59
When did England lose Calais?
Jan 1558
60
When was the Spanish marriage?
1554
61
How many troops did the English have against the French when they lost Calais?
2000 (English) vs 2700 (French)
62
How much did the 6 battleships Mary made cost?
£14,000
63
When did the French-English war start?
1557 (with the landing at Scarborough)(Mary was technically also now at war with the Pope despite her attempts to reinstate Royal supremacy due to her Spanish marriage in which Pope Paul IV was Anti-Spanish)
64
Mary's Key Religious Reforms
Never any doubt Mary would restore English Church to papal jurisdiction, initial enthusiasm (and large donations of money) suggested it would be straightforward. The whole process proved to be more fraught than originally anticipated.
65
What problems did Mary face in regard to her key religious reforms?
Problems:
- Protestant, although minority, had attracted adherents in London
- reformed Protestant Church of England was protected in statute law
- many members of the political elites (whose support Mary depended) had benefitted financially from acquisition of monastic land/no desire to surrender it
- Mary began cautiously, though some of prominent Protestant clergy were deprived of livings and some imprisoned. Foreign Protestants ordered to leave the country (some left voluntarily)
66
Legislative attack began on first parliament (October 1553)
Legislative attack began on first parliament (October 1553):
- the religious laws passed during Edward VI rule repealed
- order of service at time of Henry VIII death restored
- all clergy who had married when permitted to do so could be deprived of their livings
- legal status of the Church of England was upheld
Dilemma: to rely on parliamentary legislation to reverse the royal supremacy would mean acknowledging the original laws passed during Henry VIII's reign were legally valid (accept superiority of statute law over divine law, opposite to belief)
67
Mary's Key Religious Reforms- Pope Julius III difficulty
- not resolved till third parliament (November 1554-January 1555) = delayed process was the issue of what should happen to lands from dissolved monasteries which had fallen into private hands, made clear to Pope Julius III and legate Cardinal Pole that land could not be restored to church. Imperial ambassador Renard told Charles V that more ex-monastic land was in hands of Catholics than Protestants
- Pope + Pole wanted English church to submit to Rome first before dispensations might be awarded to landowners on individual basis (Council/Charles V/Phillip aware this was politically impossible)
- in end Pope accepted Charles' advice, Cardinal Pole arrived in November 1554 to take up position as legate and Archbishop of Canterbury
- until issue of former church lands resolved there could be no final religious settlement, furious debates between Pole/councillors who asserted the view that no foreigner could have jurisdiction over English property
68
Act of Repeal
January 1555- the Act of Repeal revoked royal supremacy was passed. Pole's grudging attitude on church property made him an object of suspicion + Mary forced to acknowledge the jurisdiction of statute laws in matters involving religion
69
Mary's Key Religious Reforms- Pope Paul IV difficulty
- Pope Julius III died in 1555, succeeded by anti-Spanish Paul IV (hostile towards Phillip + suspicious of Pole who he deemed a heretic)
- hostility towards Philip demonstrated in open hostility towards Spanish side in a war which broke out in 1555, England later dragged (Mary found self at war with papacy)
- attitude towards Pole clear when he dismissed him as papal legate in April 1557, considerable blow to Pole prestige + meant he could no longer act directly on behalf of Pope in his supervision of English church (went on to accuse Pole of heresy, Mary refused to let him go to Rome to face charges)
- Pope named Peto new legate, but Mary trusted Pole and refused to acknowledge superior papal authority that placed Peto in higher position in English church than the Archbishop of Canterbury
- Mary in difficult legal relationship with Pope, reward for restoring England to true Catholic faith was meagre
70
Burning of Heretics
- nickname 'Bloody Mary'
- condemned for cruelty in Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs'
- around 280 Protestants burnt at the stake for heresy, including 3 bishops (including Archbishop Cranmer) + 21 clergymen (8 from gentry)
- bulk of sufferers from humble status, suggesting Protestantism was important to some people who did not simply benefit financially from religious change
- one level Crown's strategies misfired. First 2 victims (John Rogers + Rowland Taylor) were chosen on account of popularity as preachers. Deaths elicited widespread sympathy. Extending range of victims to include humble people seemed to have strengthened sympathy for martyrdom
- Council started worrying about effects of burnings, evident when they took attempt to ban servants, apprentices and the young from attending burnings (some continental countries such strictness succeeded, failure of policy in England may have been due to lack of time rather than popular feeling)
- policy did nothing for Mary's reputation
71
Mary's other Religious Reforms
policy not purely repressive
- Pole saw role in pastoral terms
- Resources of church, which had been eroded for 20 years, needed to be restored and both quality/quantity of priests needed to be improved.
- Pole ensured quality of pastoral provision. Most new bishops appointed whom he and Mary appointed took pastoral roles seriously and in a manner that was in accord with spirit of Catholic Reformation
- Pole's 'legatine synod' of 1555 and 1556 made expectations clear: bishops were to reside in dioceses, they were to preach/oversea carefully the religious life of parishes
- with greater time at his disposal, Pole's reforms may have worked (e.g. proposal that each cathedral should have a seminary attached for training of new recruits to priesthood)
- chances of success largely depended on commitment at parish level (guaranteed in Durham, proved futile territory for recruiting new priests, matters less straightforward elsewhere e.g. Kent)
72
Extent to which Mary transformed Religious Situation by 1558
- bulk of country remained Catholic in sentiment, point Protestants returning from exile after Elizabeth's accession only too keen to emphasise
- given time and resources, Pole + Mary might well have succeeded in their mission to re-Catholicise England, however more could have been achieved
- delay in restoring church's institutional structures/ divisions between crown and papacy did not help her, but Mary certainly never completed what she set out to do
73
Economic Change and Social Impact
various converging trends continued to produce inflation (increasing prices):
- continued pressure on demand brought about by rapid increase in the population. key long term factor in increasing inflation
- inflationary impact of debasement of coinage was key medium term factor
- harvest failures in 1555/1556 brought severe food shortages and severe strain on real wages for the poor
- devastating impact of 'sweating sickness', virulent form of influenza which swept through country in 1557/1558
74
How did Mary improve financial reform?
Improvements Financial Reform:
- revenue administration improved. Duke of Northumberland sought to improve this by setting up a commission to investigate the shortcomings of system and recommend reforms, Edward's premature death prevented any from being implemented
- some of the changes were implemented in 1554. The Court of Exchequer took over both 'Court of First Fruits and Tenths' and the 'Court of Augmentations'
- financial administration under Lord Treasurer Winchester was competent
- long term security of Crown finances boosted by plans for recoinage drawn from 1556-1558 (implemented under Elizabeth), as inflationary pressures were caused by proliferation of debased coins in circulation
- preparation from Mary which enabled efficient implementation under Elizabeth (she also reaped benefit of introduction of a new Book of Rates in 1558, which raised customs revenue dramatically)
75
Mistake Financial Reform:
Mistake Financial Reform:
- remitting final part of Edward's last subsidy (cheap popularity, financial cost)
- level of royal indebtedness rose, it did not so dramatically given England was at war with France during later stages reign (for gov at war, financial record satisfactory)
76
Poor Relief
- more active in poor relief
- response to extent of problems the country faced from 1556-1558. Huge mortality rate from influenza epidemic, harvest failures, taxation high in order to pay for wars against France
- emphasis placed on enforcement of laws against grain hoarders, strong encouragement to convert pasture land to tillage
- very difficult to assess the effect of these measures
77
Wyatt's Rebellion, Economic and Social Grievances- Mary I
- Prospect of Spanish marriage was enough to provoke rebellion (despite marriage treaty of January 1554)
- Xenophobia motivated many of the rebels
- decline in cloth industry may have prompted some poorer rebels to use the revolt as a means of expressing their social/economic grievances
- rebellion seems to have attracted some gentry who had lost office within the country
78
Wyatt's Rebellion, Religious Grievances- Mary I
- Partly motivated by religion, with many of Wyatt's urban supporters coming from Maidstone, a Protestant stronghold
- Showed that although Protestants were a minority, their opinions could not just be ignored
79
Wyatt's Rebellion Motives/Significance
- prospect Spanish marriage enough to provoke rebellion, despite marriage treaty January 1554 to minimise Spanish influence
- rebellion planned November 1553 (four simultaneous risings: in Devon, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire and Kent, plans leaked in Jan 1554, forcing rebels into action)
- only Kent experienced serious uprising, Wyatt raised a force of about 3000 men
Motives:
- motivated by religion, with many of Wyatt's urban supporters coming from Maidstone, a protestant stronghold
- xenophobia motivated many of rebels (biggest motive)
- decline in local cloth industry prompted some poorer rebels to use revolt as a means of expressing social/economic grievances
- attracted some gentry who had lost office within country
- implicit objective to get rid of Mary and replace her with Lady Jane Grey or Elizabeth (due to LJG father being involved in the rebellion), though this was never openly stated
Significance:
- although Protestants a minority, religious opinions could not be ignored
- demonstrated extent of poplar suspicion of proposed Spanish marriage
- execution of Lady Jane Grey, innocent victim of father's support for rebellion
- Elizabeth arrested/confined to tower as Mary suspicious of her intentions, but Wyatt never implicated her (interrogators didn't vest interest in knowing full truth- Gardiner due to links with Courtenay and Paget due to recognising Elizabeth likely one day be queen and not wishing to alienate her). Allegations could not be sustained, she was released.
- Wyatt came close to success, came close to securing London. However, Mary acted bravely + resolutely, her councillors kept their heads with no defections to rebel cause
80
Wyatt's Rebellion Events
- 25th Jan: Wyatt raises standard in to signify start of rebellion
- Norfolk was unable to engage rebels, forced to retreat, so Mary gained support with a speech, rebels prevented from crossing London Bridge by Crown's forces
- Rebels moved back towards London, Wyatt eventually surrendered
81
Intellectual Developments (Humanist + Religious Thought)
- little influence of humanism (no scope for expression of evangelical humanism and little sign of Catholic humanism)
- Catholic church seemed to wish to dissociate from humanism
- Pope Paul IV regarded greatest Catholic humanist, Erasmus, as heretic
- official religious thought designed at practical level to assist process of Catholic reform at parish level
- Pole keen to stress importance of papal supremacy, which had not been a strong feature of pre-Reformation Catholicism
- Protestants divided in those happy to use 1552 prayer book to those with radical approach
- John Knox adopted more radical approach involving active resistance to regime
- Foxe, exiled in Frankfurt, spent much of his exile collecting material which would be used in 'Book of Martyrs', official approval in Elizabeth's reign
- although Mary suffered a poor reputation at hands of subsequent generations of Protestants, there were some positive advances made during her reign and had she not died prematurely, the future of Catholicism in England may have been different
82
When was Wyatt's rebellion?
1554 (but planned November 1553. plans leaked in January forcing rebels to act)
83
What was the motives for the Wyatt rebellion?
-The prospect of a Spanish Marriage (despite Marriage Treaty)
-Many supporters came from Protestant Maidstone (religious motives)
-Xenophobia
-decline of local cloth industry
-gentry who had lost office
84
What did Lady Jane Grey have to do with Wyatt's Rebellion?
Some wanted to get rid of Mary and replace her with Lady Jane Grey (due to her father's involvement)
85
Where were the main places of uprising?
Devon, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire, Kent
86
How many supporters were there in Kent?
3000
87
What did the rebellion show about Protestantism?
It could not be ignored
88
What happened to Lady Jane Grey as a result of the rebellion?
She was executed
89
What did the rebellion mainly show?
The widespread suspicion of the Spanish Marriage
90
Elizabeth was arrested as Mary thought she was suspicious. She was lightly interrogated by whom?
Gardiner and Paget (they realised she would one day become queen)
91
How many rebels were killed, including Wyatt?
90
92
What problems did Mary face?
-Protestantism had attracted adherents, reformed CoE protected in statue law
-many members of political elite benefited financially from monastic lands
93
How many people left England outraged due to the religious changes?
800 Protestants (gentry, clergy etc
94
What was religious opposition like?
Lack of religious opposition as clear by 1533. The arrest of Cranmer, Hooper and Ridley removed major opposition from the House of Lords.
95
What happened to some of the most prominent Protestant clergy?
They were deprived of their livings - included 7 bishops
96
What happened in October 1553?
Edward VI's religious laws repealed, Henry VIII's order of service restored, married clergy deprived of livings + legal status of CoE (Church of England) upheld
97
When was the status of the Church resolved?
Third Parliament - November 1554 to January 1555
98
What delayed the resolution of the Church's status?
issue of monastic lands
99
Who was the papal legate?
Cardinal Pole
100
When did Cardinal Pole arrive in England?
November 1554 (to reinstate England into the roman catholic faith)
101
When was the Act of Repeal? What did it do?
January 1555
Revoked Royal Supremacy
102
When was Pole dismissed as papal legate by Pope Paul IV?
April 1557
103
When did Mary appoint William Peto as Papal Legate?
April 1557
104
What did Mary do that caused her to fall out with the Pope?
Mary refused to acknowledge superior papal authority that placed Peto in a higher position in the Church than Archbishop of Canterbury
105
How many protestants were burned at the Stake for heresy?
289 (257 men, 52 women)
106
What bishops were burnt at the stake?
-Archbishop Cranmer
-Bishop Hooper
-Bishop Ridley
107
What was 'The Statute of Repeal'?
Removed all Edwardian religious legislation and restored the CoE's doctrine to that of 1547 under the Act of Six Articles.
108
How many clergymen were burnt at the stake?
21
109
How many gentry were burnt at the stake?
8
110
Who were the first people to be burnt at the stake?
John Rogers and Rowland Taylor
111
When was Pole's Legatine Synod?
1555-1556
112
What was set out at the Legatine Synod?
Bishops stay in dioceses + oversee religious life
113
What was there no room for under Marian Catholicism?
Evangelical humanism
114
Who did Pope Paul IV regard as a heretic?
Erasmus (the greatest of all Catholic humanist scholars)
115
What were the works of Erasmus put on?
the Catholic Index Librorum Prohibitorum ( a list of titles the papacy forbade Catholics from reading)
116
What was official religious thought in Marian England designed to do?
Aide the process of religious reform at parish level.
117
What books did Edmund Bishop publish?
-A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine
-A book of homilies
118
What two groups were the exiled protestants split into?
Happy with 1552 prayer book + more radical
119
What did Foxe do in exile?
Collected material to use in his 'Book of Martyrs'
120
What did William Whittingham begin in Geneva?
Translating the Bible to English
121
What did Church authorities regard the translation of the bible as?
Suspicious after 1558
122
What did Edmund Bonner publish?
A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine which clearly explained the faith and a book of homilies to replace the one published by Edwardian Church.
123
Who implemented revenue administration reforms in 1554?
Walter Mildmay
124
The Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations was taken over by which court?
Court of the Exchequer
125
Which two years brought harvest failure?
1555 and 1556
126
What years were the 'Sweating Sickness'?
1557-1558
127
When were plans for recoinage drawn up?
1556- 1558
128
What did harvest failures bring for poor people?
Severe strains on wages
129
What did Mary try and achieve in terms of poor relief?
Enforcement laws against grain hoarders and strong encouragement to convert pasture land to tillage
