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Tudour History- Henry VII > Henrys Government > Flashcards

Henrys Government Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the King Henry rule?

A

•He ruled with a council of advisers who supported him in key decisions

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2
Q

How many men were recorded as having attend the council during Henry VII’s reign?

A

•227

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3
Q

How big was Henry’s actual working council?

A

•Had 6/6 members

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4
Q

What were the councils main functions under Henry VII?

A

•To advise the king, administer the realm on the kings behalf, to make legal judgments

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5
Q

What were the 3 main types of councilors?

A

•Members of nobility - such as Lord Daubeney, though the working council only rarely included the great magnets of England
•Churchmen - such as John Morton and Richard Fox who often had legal training and were excellent administrators
• lastly, Laymen - either gentry or lawyers who were skilled administrators such as Sir Reginald Beat and Edmund Dudley - Henry was continuing a trend started in the second reign of Edward IV from 1471

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6
Q

What was the great council?

A

•Not to be confused with the council, The Great council is as a gathering of the House of Lords, meeting without the House of Commons
•Had no clear defined functions and was occasional
•Concerned itself with issues relation to war or rebellion and was a means of binding the nobility to key decisions relating to national security

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7
Q

What was the council learned in law?

A

•It was an offshoot of the Council
•This body developed durning the second half of the reign of Henry under the leadership of Sir Reginald bray first

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8
Q

What was the council?

A

•Although it had no established rules and procedures it was a permanent body with core membership

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9
Q

Where did the council learned meet?

A

•Often met in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster

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10
Q

What was the council learned main function?

A

•It’s function was to maintain the king’s revenue and to exploit his prerogative rights - the rights which the monarch could exercise without requiring the consent of Parliament

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11
Q

What council made the system of bonds and recognisances work effectively?

A

•The council learned

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12
Q

Was the council learned a recognized court of law?

A

•No and those summoned before it had no chance to appeal
•They are seen as quite shady to historians

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13
Q

What did the council learned bypass?

A

•The normal legal system

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14
Q

Why was the council learned important for the maintenance of authority ?

A

•It was an expression of the kings will and also helped raise finance

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15
Q

Who was brays associate in the council learned?

A

•Richard Empson, a fiercely ambitious lawyer and bureaucrat whose ruthless approach seemed increasingly to define the behaviour of the council learned

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16
Q

Who joined after Brays death?

A

•After beats death in 1503, Empson was joined by Edmund Dudley

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17
Q

What did the feared bureaucrats known as Dudley and Empson create during their time in the council learned?

A

•They created enemies amongst the kings others key advisers such as Bishop Fox and Sir Thomas Lovell who removed them after Henry VII’s death which brought rejoice in the streets
•A clear indicatior of how feared and unpopular their financial control became in the last years of Henry VII’s reign

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18
Q

like their predecessors what did the tudors rely heavily on?

A

•The royal court

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19
Q

Why did the royal court have to be magnificent and generous?

A

•Wealth equated to Power

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20
Q

How significant was the royal court?

A

•The royal court was always to be found wherever the king was at any given time
•It was the focus of personal monarchy and a place for royal ceremony, about which Henry VII was very enthusiastic about
•It was where the power of the monarch was demonstrated to all the courtiers in attendance
•Also a place where support of the king and other influential figures could be obtained which could prove useful in the even if legal or financial problems

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21
Q

What court was rewards and status distributed to those deserving?

A

•The royal court

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22
Q

How would you describe medical monarch?

A

•Highly personal

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23
Q

Explain the term personal monarchy

A

•In any personal monarchy the political power and influence of an individual depended more on the relationship that person had with a monarch then their actual title or office they held
•Access for he king therefore was the main determinant of power and it was through royal court that access was controlled

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24
Q

What were the different levels of the Royal court?

A
  1. The household proper- responsible for looking after the king, the courtiers, guests and others who were being entertained
    these personal and catering requirements were supervised by Lord Steward
  2. The chamber - Presided over by the Lord Chamberlain, this was a politically important part of the system. The position of lord chamberlain was both powerful and a matter of considerable trust- it was therefore considered a blow to Henry VII to discover in 1495 that is lord chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, had been involved in a treasonable plot with pretender Warbeck
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25
What was Henry’s response to the challenge posed by his Lord Chamberlain’s treason?
•His response was to remodel the chamber by creating a new privy (private) chamber, to which the king could retreat, protected by his most intimate servants
26
What did Henry’s remodeling of the Chamber into a new privy chamber do?
•It changed the character of the court, thus making it more difficult for those who were out of favour to regain the kings support
27
Was parliament significant?
•Parliament, comprised by the House of Commons and lords, has existed since the 13th century but only met occasionally and was therefore not central to the system of government •Its 2 main functions were to pass laws and grant taxation to the crown •It also had a further subsidiary function as a means by which local issues and grievances could be passed on to the kings officials by local members of parliament
28
How many Parliments were called in Henry VIai reign from November 1485-April 1504?
7
29
Who could call parliament?
•The king
30
How did Jenry demonstrate his right to rule?
•By calling his first parliament early in his reign
31
How did Jenry demonstrate his right to rule?
•By calling his first parliament early in his reign
32
What were Henry’s early parliaments largely concerned with?
•Issues of national security and the raising of revenue
33
What did his first parliaments pass?
•Numerous acts of attainder
34
What did acts of attainder do?
•These declared individuals guilty without having to go through the inconvenience of a trial while alive, if they were dead their property would be forfeit to the crown
35
What did his first parliament grant?
•Tonsge and poundage; customs revenue •For life
36
What is extraordinary revenue?
•money raised by the king from additional sources as one off payments when he faces an emergency payment- this could be made up if parliamentary grants,loans or clerical taxes •parliament granted this
37
What did extraordinary enable Henry to do?
•Wage war
38
What was the most usual form of extraordinary revenue?
•Fifteenths and tenths •Which were imposed upon the alleged value of a taxpayers’ goods
39
How much money did fifteenths and tenths yield?
•£203,000
40
Did parliament operate effectively?
•Yes, the king respected it decisions and there were a number of private acts passed in response to local demands for improvements •Little evidence that the king tried to manage parliament through his ministers
41
In relation to domestic policy why was Henry vulnerable and found it difficult to maintain law and order?
•Unlike the previous king, Edward IV, He couldn’t divide the country into spheres of influence, each controlled by a great noble/magnate •The number of magnates had been reduced in the last years of the war of the roses and their lands had called into the hands of the crowns
42
Where was magnate control largely confined to in Henry’s reign?
•The north of England; •Henry’s relatives, the Stanley’s, in the northwest •The Earl of Northumberland in the northeast and Yorkshire
43
After the murder of the Earl of Northumberland in 1489, the loss of a magnate in a strategically important area, how did Henry respond?
•He solved the problem by releasing the Yorkist Earl of Surrey from the Tower of London, where he had been imprisoned since the battle of Bosworth, to rule the north on his behalf
44
Why was sending the Earl of Surrey to the north to rule on his behalf strategically smart?
•Sending a known supporter of Richard III to the area which had been his predecessor’s centre of power was a high-risk strategy •But surrey proved his loyalty through effective service in the north for ten years
45
Other than the Earl of surrey, did Henry trust the other magnates that ruled on his behalf?
•Henry had to rely on magnates that he did not trust, such as the Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney •His lack of trust was demonstrated by Henry’s employment of a spying network whose task was to report on magnate performance as well as their imposition of bonds and recognisances
46
47
On a more local level, who did Henry rely on the maintain law and order in the countryside?
•He increasingly relying on Justices of the Peace (JP’s) through his reign
48
How were JP’s appointed?
•Appointed on a county-by-county basis
49
How often did they meet?
•4 times a year to administer justice through the quarter sessions
50
What rank were JP’s
•Most of them were local gentry
51
Why did the JP’s fulfill these unpaid tasks?
•Either out of a sense of duty or because they perceived that doing so might open the path to greater advancement or local prestige
52
How did the power of JP’s increase?
•Various Acts of Parliament were passed to increase the powers and responsibilities of the JP’s
53
As JP’s power increased what were their responsibilities?
•Responsible for routine administration; such as: Tax assessments, alehouse regulation, the investigation of complaints against local officials, and the maintaining of law and order
54
Name the sources of royal income
•crown lands •Profits from feudal dues and the exercise of the royal prerogative •custom revenue •pensions from other powers •profits of justice •extraordinary revenue
55
What does Henry’s tireless pursuit of money and new revenue says bout his character?
•Very greedy
56
Who was the country’s largest landowner?
•Henry VII
57
Why was the rental income from Henry VII’s property important?
•It was an important part of the crowns ordinary revenue
58
At the beginning of Henry’s reign what did income drop too?
•About £12,000 per year
59
Why had the income from ordinary income dropped?
•Thr income from lands was collected and administered through the inefficient court of Exchequer, which exemplified Henry’s inexperience in financial matters
60
At around 1492 what did Henry do to try increase his rental income?
•He reverted back to Edward’s system of administration through the chamber where policies were formulated and decisions were made •So, rental income matters would go through the royal household rather than an administrative department
61
62
Did Henry’s decision to revert to Edward’s system of chamber administration work?
•Finances improved markedly and the income from land had increased by the end of the reign to around £42,000 per year •This is was partly achieved by effective treasures of the chamber such as Sir Thomas Lovell and Sir John Heron
63
How was the pursuit of the kings feudal rights tightened?
•There were increased profits from wardship and parliament granted a feudal aid in 1504
64
Give examples of customs revenue
•Tonnage and poundage had been granted for life by Henry’s first parliament •Over the course of the reign there was a small increase in the annual revenue from this source from £34,000 to £38,000
65
Give examples of pensions from other powers?
•At the treaty of Etaples in 1492 the French agreed to pay Henry a pension of £5,000 per annum
66
Give examples of profits or justice
•Fines and incomes from bonds •Bonds represented a potential rather than an actual asset •For example between 1504- 1507 a total of at lease £200,000 was promised to the king though not all was collected
67
Who were the main victims of Henry’s financial policies?
•Nations landowners, the very people he would need if his position was ever threatened
68
Was Henry an innovative monarch?
•He mostly furthered the policies of Edward IV •There is some originality in the creation of the privy chamber which continued in the reigns of other Tudor monarchs
69
Give an example of extra ordinary revenue
•Henry received over £400,000 from extraordinary taxation •However the collection of this revenue provoked rebellions in 1489 and 1497 so Henry had to promise parliament in 1504 not to raise any more money through this method •In 1489, when parliament granted him a subsidiary of £75,000 the Convocation of Canterbury in addition offered £25,000 on behalf of the clergy • In total Henry walked away with jeweled worth around £300,000 and £10,000 in cash

Tudour History- Henry VII (6 decks)

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