Hepatic and Endocrine Systems

Question 1

start of HUE01

this is yellow colouration of the sclera and mucous membranes resulting from increased tissue and serum bilirubin

Answer 1

icterus

Question 2

name 3 things icterus can be indicative of

Answer 2

1. decr excretion of bilirubin
2. incr production of bilirubin
3. impaired hepatic uptake for conjugation of bilirubin

Question 3

which type of bilirubin results in more pronounced jaundice?
conjugated or unconjugated?

Answer 3

conjugated

Question 4

this is accessive iron accumulation in the liver (hepatocyte damage)

Answer 4

haemachromatosis

Question 5

what unlicensed treatment is used for liver fluke in horses

Answer 5

triclabendazole

Question 6

name 2 ways to diagnose hyperlipaemia

Answer 6

1. elevated blood triglycerides
2. fatty appearance to plasma

Question 7

start of HUE02

name 4 parts of history you would obtain to investigate weight loss

Answer 7

1. medications
2. worm management or anthelmintic use
3. dental therapy
4. feeding management

Question 8

what is the most common cause of oedema in the horse

Answer 8

protein loss through GIT

Question 9

which proteins should be assessed in biochemistry when investigating weight loss

Answer 9

1. TP
2. albumins
3. globulins

Question 10

what is the oral glucose absorption test for

Answer 10

tests small intestinal function

Question 11

name the 3 treatments for EPE (Lawsonia intracellularis)

Answer 11

1. erythromycin
2. rifampin
3. tetracyclines

Question 12

what is the treatment for cyathostomes

Answer 12

anthelmintic therpay +/- anti-inflammatory

Question 13

what is the treatment for right dorsal colitis

Answer 13

dietary manipulation and misoprostol

Question 14

what is the treatment for infiltrative bowel disease

Answer 14

high dose corticosteroids

Question 15

this is the breakdown of the hoof lamellar bond

Answer 15

laminitis

Question 16

name the 3 types of laminitis

Answer 16

1. Endocrinopathic laminitis
2. inflammatory laminitis
3. concussive laminitis

Question 17

name 3 factors that messes up insulin

Answer 17

1. genetics
2. obesity
3. PPID/Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD)

Question 18

how does PPID/Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD) affect insulin?

Answer 18

excess cortisol antagonises insulin

Question 19

what is the common factor for causes of endocrinopathic laminitis

Answer 19

insulin dysregulation

Question 20

name 5 clinical signs caused by disordered cortisol secretion from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

Answer 20

1. hirsutism and placcid demeanour
2. prone to laminitis
3. prone to infections
4. fat redistribution
5. frequent urination and drinking

Question 21

name the clinical sign of Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD)

most commonly recognised clinical sign;
may start as retention of winter coat (esp jugular groove and legs)

Answer 21

hirsutism / hairiness

Question 22

name 3 areas where fat is redistributed in horses with ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)

Answer 22

1. above eyes
2. crest
3. sheath/mammary region

Question 23

name 4 recurrent infections common in horses with ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)

Answer 23

1. rain scald
2. sinusitis
3. foot abscesses
4. Cyathostominosis

Question 24

name 2 diagnostic tests for ECD (Equine Cushing’s Disease)

Answer 24

1. resting ACTH
2. TRH response test

Question 25

name 6 conservative treatments for ECD (Equine Cushing's Disease); some may not require treatment

Answer 25

1. clip hair coat 2. treat secondary infections promptly and aggressively 3. monitor weight 4. regular dental checks 5. effective parasite control 6. laminitis prevention

Question 26

name 3 medications that can be used to treat ECD (Equine Cushing's Disease)

Answer 26

1. Dopamine agonists (pergolide) 2. serotonin antagonists (cyprohept) 3. trilostane

Question 27

name 4 poor indicators for prognosis of ECD (Equine Cushing's Disease)

Answer 27

1. intractable laminitis 2. weight loss 3. secondary diabetes mellitus 4. failure to respond to treatment

Question 28

name the 3 stages that make up the suggested protocol for chronic/recurrent laminitis

Answer 28

1. signalment and clinical exam 2. resting metabolic blood profile 3. 'dynamic' tests

Question 29

how long should concentrates be restricted for to test resting metabolic profile for predisposition to laminitis

Answer 29

12h

Question 30

name 4 general feed managments for endocrinopathic laminitis

Answer 30

1. do NOT starve 2. grass hay 3. soak hay 4. balancers: vitamins and minerals

Question 31

# start of HUE03 what is the normal volume of urination for a horse in a day?

Answer 31

5-15 L/horse/day

Question 32

what is the fluid requirement of horses per day?

Answer 32

50 mL/kg/day

Question 33

how much urine per day is considered polyuria

Answer 33

greater than 25 L/day

Question 34

how much fluid consumption per day is considered polydipsia

Answer 34

greater than 50 L/day

Question 35

name 3 common causes of PU/PD

Answer 35

1. primary psychogenic polydipsia 2. ECDz/PPID 3. renal disease

Question 36

name 3 signs of uraemia

Answer 36

1. depression 2. poor hair coat 3. tartar

Question 37

what is the main role of the water deprivation test

Answer 37

distinguish psychogenic PD from Diabetes Insipidus

Question 38

name 2 neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence

Answer 38

1. upper motor neurone (reflex) bladder 2. lower motor neurone (paralytic) bladder

Question 39

name 4 non-neurogenic causes of urinary incontinence

Answer 39

1. cystitis +/- uroliths 2. myogenic 3. neoplasia 4. mechanical

Question 40

# name the urinary condition clinical signs associated with increased nitrogenous compounds in blood

Answer 40

uraemia

Question 41

# name the urinary condition increase in biochemical parameters with renal disease

Answer 41

azotaemia