HHR case studies

Question 1

What is Bolivia like under Evo Morales?

Answer 1

-taxes have been raised on the profits of oil TNCs to over 80% + these have been used to reduce poverty
-has a focus on environmental + social progress
- nationalised oil + gas

Question 2

How do Costa Rica maintain a high life expectancy?

Answer 2

Has an average life expectancy of 78.5
Population benefits from government + private healthcare
Residents eat well + exercise + have genetic characteristics for longevity
Large pre-natal outreach
Education programmes

Question 3

How are Costa Rican’s wellbeing maintained?

Answer 3

Military abolished in 1948
spending is instead spent on education
all citizens have healthcare + access to education
peace is a big theme (uni courses on it)
big focus on relationships + community
lots of spare time

Question 4

How is the ecological footprint maintained in Costa Rica ?

Answer 4

Costa Rica has pioneered techniques in land managements, reforestation + fossil fuel alternatives
Oil exporters pay a special tac -> used to pay locals to protect the environment -> this prevents illegal logging from being profitable
areas suffering from deforestation converted into national parks
99% of energy is from renewable sources

Question 5

What has been done in Bangladesh to overcome the challenge to education?

Answer 5

Employ women in every village to educate on family planning + contraception
Government pay families to keep girls in school

Question 6

What has been the outcome for the development project focused on girl’s education in Bangladesh?

Answer 6

No of babies per women has decreased from 8 to 2.2
Life expectancy has increased
More females have careers - increased economic growth

Question 7

France - education + healthcare spending

Answer 7

HEALTH
- is predominatly state funded
- 4th highest spending as a % in G20
- families pay top up insurance of £150 a month

WELFARE
- high welfare + pension payments

EDUCATION
- high spending
- £8500 per student per year

Question 8

Saudi Arabia - education + healthcare spending

Answer 8

Autocratic state
HEALTH
- state funded
- high quality hospitals

WELFARE
- pensions are low
- only 1/3 of working people in employment
- only 22% of women work

EDUCATION
- education focused on religious teaching
- Saudi teachers are often poorly trained
- Expat schools much better -> gated as they can be bombed

Question 9

What is an example of governance which uses the model of sustainability?

Answer 9

BOLIVIA

Morales lead to the creation of the 2009 Constitution focused on the Law of Mother Earth

Includes
- Mother Nature has rights
- Government has duty in protecting mother Nature e.g thorough removal of WMDs

This is an approach to put nature first in the response to climate change

Question 10

What is an example of a democratic state where human rights violations still occur? INDIA

Answer 10

Large human rights violations such as
- 70% of prison population awaiting trial
- security forces act with impunity

Question 11

What is an example of regional health differences?

Answer 11

North- South divide
Blackpool has a life expectancy of 53.3 years
Richmond-Upon-Thames has a life expectancy of 71.9 years
- more access to private health care
- better lifestyle (gym, access to better foods)

Question 12

What is an example of health differences between indigenous and non-native people?

Answer 12

AUSTRALIA
Aboriginal life expectancy for men is currently estimated to be 10.6 years lower than that of non-indigneous men and 9.5 years lower for women

Indigenous
- live in remote areas - limited access to healthcare
- High smoking rates - indigenous people only recently exposed to addictive substances
- Type 2 diabetes more prevalent (less education on foods/diet)
Non-native people
-better access to healthcare
- better education

Question 13

What role does the World Trade Organisation (WTO) play in development?

Answer 13

Helps negotiate trade agreements + settle trade disputes
- sets rules about how countries should trade with each other e.g promote free trade by remove as many barriers as possible

Question 14

What is the Universal Deceleration of Human Rights (UDHR)?

Answer 14

30 articles that define basic human rights
Foundation for modern human rights
Not all countries signed it (Soviet Union, South Africa, Saudi Arabia)

Question 15

What role does the World Bank play in development?

Answer 15

Provides loans + grants to developing countries to invest in areas like health, education etc
- countries are expected to pay back for loans

Question 16

What role does the IMF play in development?

Answer 16

The IMF aims to encourage global financial stability
- monitors global economy
- advises governments on how to improve economic situation
- gives loans to countries with economic problems

Question 17

What is the GENEVA CONVENTION?

Answer 17

Series of laws to protect + safeguard combatants, members of armed forces, the wounded, sick + civillians.
- defines what counts as a war crime
- few cases have ever been brought to trial
- 141 countries still use torture

Question 18

What is an example of the geneva convention being broken? GUTANTANAMO BAY

Answer 18

violation of rule 5
reports of torture in the US prison (located in South America)
hot boxing common ( prisoners left in a box to dehydrate + burn)

Question 19

What was the SREBRENICA MASSACRE?

Answer 19

violations of 1-5
in 1995
7,000 murdered
worst mass killing in Europe since WW2
Bosian Muslims were killed by Serbian armies in a UN safe zone
Serb leader was convicted of genocide 20 years after the massacre

Question 20

Why were ASTI people discriminated against?

Answer 20

Were not considered Australian citizens until 1967
- forced to live on reserves (could not own land until 1975)
- had no vote
- many children were taken by authorities to be raised in s ‘civil society’
- 20% of school age children no enrolled in education
- may be due to mistrust of government

Question 21

Why is gender inequality an issue in Afghanistan?

Answer 21

Between 1996-2001 a large proportion of the country was controlled by the Taliban
- the Taliban enforce strict rules surrounding what women are allowed to do e.g cannot access education

Question 22

What happened in 2001 in Afghanistan? and how did this affect gender inequality there?

Answer 22

in 2001, the Taliban regime collapsed following a US-led military intervention
- following this progress was made in improving women’s rights -> by 2012 3.2 million girls were attending education (this progress was originally slow as Taliban laws had to be removed)

In 2021- Taliban REGAINED control + Afghanistan government collapsed leading to increase in violence and discrimination experienced by women -> now have imposed a ban on women attending secondary school

Question 23

Torture in Iran

Answer 23

Many are at risk for torture for different reasons
- some for political reasons
- others for behaving in a way the government views as ‘unacceptable’ e.g listening to western music

Iranian authorities use brutal torture to control the population

Question 24

What is an example of using both bottom- up + top-down aid aid? HAITI

Answer 24

HAITI
- After 2010 earthquake high amounts of aid was received by Haiti
- Oxfam was initially focused on humanitarian work + then began to focus on reconstruction projects + growth projects ( Bottom-up)
- Us government donated billions for infrastructure rebuilding (top-up aid)
$10 billion was raised to help relief effort

Question 25

What concerns where there surrounding Haiti’s aid?

Answer 25

2 years after the earthquake 500,000 people were still living in temporary shelters - foreign governments pledged $5.6 billion with the condition that it was spent within the first 18 months -> however on 40% has been spent Haiti’s government + NGOs did not have the capacity to spend the money effectively THIS WAS A FAILURE OF AID

Question 26

What was the Rwandian genocide?

Answer 26

around 700,00 died US decided finanical cost of intervention was too high and so acted very late although there were UN peacekeepers in Rwanada many decided to leave after the murder of 10 soliders if they acted earlier 300,00 could have been saved Following this the right to protect was created in legislation (when is best to intervene)

Question 27

How was the IRAQ war justified?

Answer 27

2003 - was in part justified by a need to bring a democracy to the people of Iraq with the hope this would bring stability + prosperity Life before the war: - Sudan Hassein was in power (brutal leader, no freedom of speech, lots of torture/ kidnappings) - strict sanctions meant Iraq was very isolated

Question 28

How did bad planning affect Iraq following the IRAQ war?

Answer 28

Iraqi people were not consulted on a new democratic systems - only exiles Iraqis - new system created ethnic divides - military was disbanded to prevent a power grab (milita groups then formed from angry ex-soliders -> went on to form ISIS) - US cleared out all party members linked to Sudan Hassein -> no longer a functioning government, was badly managed + thousands become unemployed (no police, no education staff etc)

Question 29

Why has corruption flourished in a democratic Iraq?

Answer 29

- no real voting system was implemented - state resources are syphoned away from the people -> money goes straight to politicians -> oil was privatised during the US invasion -> state no longer receives money from oil - internal corruption is major barrier to developments

Question 30

Why does Iran look to destabilise a democratic Iraq?

Answer 30

US is involved in Iraq and Iran wants to fight this involvement + create a buffer zone to the US (proxy conflict) Iran is run by Shia’s and they want Shia’s in power in Iraq as well ( funded by militants) want Iraq weak enough to never pose a threat

Question 31

Future of Iraq

Answer 31

Al Sadar is growing in popularity -> very similar views to Sudan Hassein - Iraq is a target of ISIS -> want to take over power - militas have strongholds in political groups -> similar views - violent protests have occured across the country - 600 killed

Question 32

How was the Iraq war justified?

Answer 32

Reasons for war: - ‘help the oppressed people’ -> stop Sudan Hassein attacking his own people - War on terror - Preventing use of weapons of mass destruction What was it really about? - Invasion for oil -> western companies can now set up in Iraq (it was previously nationionlised)

Question 33

Why is the Niger Delta being exploited?

Answer 33

Nigeria earns $10n billion a year from oil (however there is mass corruption in Nigeria) 2nd largest reserve in Africa Oil is exported out the country to be refined as they don’t have the infrastructure to do it. So it’s refined in HICS -> so HIC gets richer -> TNCs don’t want refines in Nigeria

Question 34

What is the impact of oil extraction (environmental)? NIGER DELTA

Answer 34

Oil spills are common + pollute groundwater, surface water + soil Mangrove forests + rainforests are often burned/ damages Burning of natural gas during oil extraction causes serious environmental + health problems Delta Avengers -> criminal groups that drill into pipelines + steal oil are blamed by TNCs for environmental damage

Question 35

What is the impact of oil extraction (social)? NIGER DELTA

Answer 35

70% of people in the Niger Delta live below poverty line - 90 million live in extreme poverty Local schools + hospitals are underfunded Less than 20% of the region is accessible by good roads Poor sanitation + pollution make access to clean water very hard

Question 36

How is the Niger Delta being exploited?

Answer 36

-TNCs such as Shell pay to access oil in the Niger Delta -Shell then pay a tax on profits to NNPC (regulator + corporation company for Nigerian oil) - So the NNPC earns money but also checks how it earns money - Money ends up ‘going missing’ -> so public money is lost -> political elite + big TNCs get richer

Question 37

What are the outcomes in the Niger Delta?

Answer 37

NNPC, political elite + TNCs are becoming richer through corruption + loopholes Since 2000, the Niger Delta has been plagued by violence with attacks on pipelines More than 14,000 Nigerians took Shell to court in London to sue for damages caused by oil spills Shell lost the case + had to pay for damages

Question 38

What aid was received for the Ebola outbreak?

Answer 38

-The WHO sent out teams of health workers to decide and manage cases of Ebola - individual countries sent support such as building treatment centres - longer development aid such as funding healthcare - the campaign relied heavily on the US military to work with governments to build medical centres THIS WAS A SUCCESS