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superpowers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a superpower?

A

A country with the ability to project its dominating power and influence anywhere in the world
-> through their economy, military and political influence
e.g USA

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2
Q

What is the definition of an emerging power?

A

Countries that are potential superpowers of the future.
They hold significant economic power with growing political influence
e.g Brazil, India

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3
Q

What is the definition of an regional power?

A

Can project dominating power over other countries within the continent they are
e.g UK, Germany, France in Europe

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4
Q

What are the 6 superpower characteristics?

A

ECONOMIC
- Large GDP, high % of international trade
- Able to make money around the world through ownership of TNCs

POLITICAL
- Will hold significant influence in intergovernmental organisations
- Can influence how other countries behave and what policies they follow

MILITARY
- Military power with a global reach means they can achieve geopolitical goals
- Military is an important way of expanding influence over other countries
- Superpowers will spend a large proportion of their GDP on military

CULTURAL
- Superpower often have a specific ideaology that other countries may choose to follow
- May have significant influence over arts, food + fashion

DEMOGRAPHIC
- Having a larger population that is educated and healthy can lead to more power (soft)
- Creates larger labour force and army

RESOURCES
- Control of access to physical resources: energy + minerals
- Provides input for economic growth
- Means they can be exported at a higher price -> economic power

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5
Q

What should a true superpower have?

A

All 6 characteristics of a superpower -> currenlty the USA is the only true superpower

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6
Q

What is a hyperpower?

A

Dominates all 6 characteristics of a superpower and is completely unchallenged by other powers
E.g
Britain was a hyperpower between 1850-1910
The USA was a hyperpower between 1990-2010

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7
Q

What is hard power?

A

using military and economic influence (trade deals, sanctions) to force a country to act in a particular way

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8
Q

What are different elements of hard power?

A

Military force
-> involves the threat of action and the invasion of another country.

Economic sanctions
-> can take the form of trade restrictions, freezing of assets, arms embargoes and travel bans
-> they aims to limit opportunities for a country to act in a undesirable way
Over time hard power’s importance has decreased over time

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9
Q

What is soft power?

A

Is the use of power through attractive policies or ideologies

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10
Q

What are the elements of soft power?

A
  • Soft power is seen through culture of one country spreading around the world in the form of films, music, television, social media and recognisable brands
  • Spread and use of a common language
  • International relations is a key element of soft power. Countries that can get on well with others are able to influence countries with appealing policies and cultural values
  • Globalisation has contributed to the spread and growing importance of soft power in today’s world.
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11
Q

How can soft and hard power be combined?

A
  • Some strategies combine elements of hard and soft power
    E.g
    Some economic policies are examples of soft power as they involve no direct threat. However the nature of the trade agreements may control how a wishes to control to sell its good (may be forced to sell for lower which is hard power)
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12
Q

Which is the most effective (hard or soft power)?

A
  • Hard power can get results, but it is expensive and risky
  • Others may view military action as unnecessary or illegal, so aggressor may lose allies
  • Soft power relies on a country having respected culture + values
    -> if applied well, is lost cost and is about creating alliances
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13
Q

What is an example of hard power?

A

2003: invaded Iraq in the Second Gulf War when economic sanctions (softer power) failed to persuade President Hussein to change policy

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14
Q

What is an example of soft power?

A

UK
- 5th largest economy - attractive market and source of TNC FDI
- City of London dominates international finance, banking and law
- Diplomacy - one of the largest network of diplomats and embassies in the world

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15
Q

What is geostrategic theory?

A

The idea that controlling certain areas of land can make a country strategically stronger and have a greater influence over other nations

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16
Q

How has use of hard power and soft power changed over time?

A

Hard power was important e.g control of natural resources, British Empire
- War and conflict now seem out of place, wheras they were seen as accepted ways of gaining power
- Soft power has become more COMMON as a way of gaining influence and maintaining power

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17
Q

What is smart power?

A

involves the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion and the projection of power and influences in ways that have political and social legitimacy

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18
Q

What was Mackinder’s theory?

A

HEARTLAND THEORY
Identified the centre of Eurasia as a ‘heartland”
- the geographical position of this region means that is is centred on a large land mass and inland position that gives protection from attacks from sea
- also contains a large % of natural resources

Mackinder stated that whoever had power of the heartland would be a superpower

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19
Q

Describe power in the Imperial Era (1500-1950) ?

A

European powers conquered land in the Americas, Africa and Asia and built empires
The development of empires relied on:
- powerful navies to transport soldiers + equipment
- large armies to conquer land
- business, often government owned, to exploit resources in conquered territories

Empires were maintained directly by force

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20
Q

What are the 3 main patterns of power?

A

Unipolar world
Bipolar world
Multipolar world

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21
Q

What is a unipolar world?

A

one globally dominant superpower
e.g British Empire

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22
Q

What is a bipolar world?

A

A world were two superpowers that have different ideologies contest each others power and influence but equal in status
e.g
Cold War era (Russia vs US)

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23
Q

What is a multi-polar world?

A

Where multiple superpowers and emerging powers are influencing other countries, often in the geographical region they are in.

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24
Q

Is a unipolar world stable?

A
  • some argue this is unstable as other powers are likely to challenge the dominant power
  • however it can be dominate is the power has suffienect hard and soft power
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25
Q

Is a bi-polar world stable?

A
  • if both powers are content to share control, it can be a stable system
  • however if diplomacy breaks down it can lead to tense stand-offs e.g Cold War
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26
Q

Is a multi-polar world stable?

A
  • this may appear more stable as there is a greater division of power
  • as seen between the WW1 + WW2 it can lead to a power vacuum -> which lead to the rise in Nazi Germany

FUTURE
- some argue that there may a multi-polar world soon (USA, China, India, EU) having a major impact of geopolitical stability

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27
Q

What were the 4 categories for Dunn’s Model of power?

A
  1. Economic power
  2. Military power
  3. Cultural + ideologies
  4. Geographical power
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28
Q

Who developed the World Systems theory?

A

Wallerstein in 1974

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29
Q

What is the Dependency Theory?

A

CORE
- provides the periphery with manufactured goods, aid, political ideas etc as well as pollution and waste
PERIPHERY
- provides the core with raw materials, cheap labour and debt repayments

Periphery can be exploited by core - which slows its development and furthers the core’s development

Creates a dependency relationship between developed and developing countries

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30
Q

What is a criticism of the dependency theory?

A
  • not all countries belong to periphery or core
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31
Q

What is the World Systems theory?

A

Expanded the Dependency theory to include the SEMI-PERIPHERY, which is made up of emerging economies
- semi-periphery is able to dominate the periphery but not the core
- semi-periphery also provide the core with resources and receive goods in exchange
-> this relates to underdevelopment., semi-periphery will stay poorer than the core

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32
Q

What is the Modernisation Theory?

A

Suggests that economic development only begins when certain pre-conditions are met:
- modern infrastructure
- education
- banking
- effective government

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33
Q

What are semi-periphery countries?

A

have organisational characteristics of both core countries and periphery countries and are often geographically located between the two

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34
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

a period of heightened tension + a series of proxy wars between the USSR + US

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35
Q

What were some of the causes of the Cold War?

A

A bi-polar world formed after the power-vaccum following the end of WW2

  • conflicting ideologies between US (capitalist) + USSR (communist)
  • US funded proxy wars in countries under threat from communism (e.g Greece)
  • NATO was set up in 1949 - set up to prevent spread of communism
    -> USSR set up the Warsaw Pact (China + Russia ) in response
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36
Q

What is a proxy war

A

a war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represent interests of larger powers

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37
Q

What proxy wars were fought during the Cold War?

A

AFGANISTAN
- wanted to turn communist + was funded by Russia
- US funded rebels (these went onto form the Taliban)
-> US left Afgan at end of the war causing a power vaccum + lead to 2001 war

VIETMAN
- US vs Vietnamse people
- Vietnam was communist
- was a show of hard power by US that failed when the US lost the war

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38
Q

What were the outcomes of the Cold War?

A
  • increased nuclear weapon testing + development
    -> each country trying to hold the most hard power
  • a Moscow - Washington direct phone line was set up
  • Cuban missle crisis
  • space race - a show of soft power to prove who was most technologically advanced
    -> lead to development of missiles (hard power)
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39
Q

How did the Cold War end?

A

ended in 1989
- when the USSR’s economy failed
- smaller states where then created as countries gained independence

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40
Q

Why is China likely to rival the US in the future?

A
  • huge human resources
  • has 2nd largest GDP in the world
  • increasingly engages with other parts of the world
    -> growing global influence
    -> invests in development in Africa
  • has an increasing military force
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41
Q

Why is China not yet a major superpower?

A
  • military has limited reach
    -> only 1 overseas naval base
    -> navy rarely leaves Indo-Pacific region
  • approx 25% of China’s population lie in poverty
  • lack of democracy
  • human rights abuses
  • many in China do not have access to good healthcare, education or clean water
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42
Q

What is a TNC?

A

Transnational Corporation - companies that operate in more than one country

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43
Q

What is a NGO?

A

a non-profit organisation that operates independently of any government
- aims to address political or social issues

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44
Q

What is a sphere of influence?

A

a country of are in which another country has power to affect developments although has no formal authority

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45
Q

What are the 4 main emerging powers?

A

Brazil
Russia
India
China

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46
Q

What strengths + weaknesses does Brazil have as an emerging power?

A

STRENGTHS
- has large supplies of oil and biofuels
- large middle-class consumer market

WEAKNESS
- small military
- high levels of domestic inequality

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47
Q

What strengths + weaknesses does Russia have as an emerging power?

A

STRENGTHS
- strong military + nuclear weapons
- significant oil + gas supplies
- growing economic + political links to Asia

WEAKNESSES
- has ageing + declining population
- difficult geopolitical relationship with US + Europe

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48
Q

What strengths + weaknesses does India have as an emerging power?

A

STRENGTHS
- has young population with huge economic potential
- possess nuclear weapons

WEAKNESS
- high levels of urban + rural poverty
- poor transport infrastructure

49
Q

What strengths + weaknesses does China have as an emerging power?

A

STRENGTHS
- growing military
- large + educated workforce
- investing in infrastructure

WEAKNESSES
- ageing population
- major water + air pollution
- reliant on importing raw materials

50
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

the use of economic, political and cultural power to gain and maintain indirect control over developing powers
(indirect control)

51
Q

What is an example of neocolonialism ?

A

Neo- colonialism was used by western nations to exert influence + control over ex-colonies

  • Tied aid - which meant that developing countries have to spend money on goods/services from the donor country
  • Uneven trade where the countries are paid little for their resources
52
Q

What is an IGO

A

Intergovernmental organisation
- trade blocs
- WTO

53
Q

What is the World Bank?

A

set up in 1944
- lends money to developing and emerging economies to promote economic development
- money originates from developed economies
- loans money so developing nations can export more goods to the global market

54
Q

What is the IMF?

A

set up in 1945
- promotes global economic stability
- aids economies in opening up world trade + investment
- comes to aid of countries in economic difficulty
- distribute loans

55
Q

What is the World Trade Organisations?

A

set up in 1995
- works to remove barriers to international trade
- has negotiated a sequence of global free trade agreements that gradually remove trade taxes

56
Q

What is cultural influence?

A

an important aspect of power, linked to economic influence and the development and spread of new technology

57
Q

How is westernisation a form of cultural influence?

A

TNCs create global brands that become known worldwide
- most TNCs come from the US and promote western culture around the world

This can be seen in:
- changes in dress and food choice in Asia + South America

58
Q

How can TNCs influence the global economic system?

A
  • Their size means they can dominate the market of some goods
  • The expansion of free market capitalism has opened new markets to TNCs - allows them to expand on a greater scale
  • TNCs account for 80% of global trade

Majority of large TNCs are based in the West - hold more economic power

59
Q

What is a patent?

A

the granting of the exclusive right of ownership and possession of intellectual property by a state to an inventor for a fixed period of time
- anyone wishing to use the designs must pay a royalty

60
Q

What are Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)?

A

Set out by the WTO
- requires all WTO members to protect + enforce their intellectual property rights (e.g register + enforce patents)

61
Q

Who do TRIPS favour?

A

TNCs
- allows TNCs to justify the cost they put into innovation + research of new items
- encourages them to continue innovating

62
Q

What are the issues with patents - Drugs?

A
  • patents developed by pharmaceutical companies make medicines unaffordable to poor countries e.g new treatments for HIV
  • this creates a treatment barrier to those in LICs

However there are known ways around these as patents were removed for the critical Covid vaccine when it was affecting HICs

63
Q

What are the issues with patents - GM Crops?

A

GM Crops are controlled by TNCs, however can bring great benefits such as higher yields + the ability to tackle diseases in a region

  • using patent laws, TNCs ‘own’ every GM plant grown from their seed
  • Some TNCs force farmers to sign contracts to only use their chemicals, or prevnt them from reusing seeds for the next year
    -> makes farmer’s reliant on them
    TNCs benefit the most
64
Q

How do superpowers help in times of crisis?

A
  • intervene in war + conflict - especially when internal conflicts threaten to spill into neighbouring countries
  • take action in terms of crisis response e.g natural disasters, famine
  • respond to terrorism e.g threat from ISIS or Al-Qaeda
  • response to longer-term threats such as climate change

The US often acts in this way as the ‘global police’
- this is a large responsibility + a large economic cost

65
Q

What is an example of the EU + US showing global action in conflict?

A

2011 Libya Crisis
- EU, led by France + UK, took military action against Gaddafi regime, with help of US

66
Q

What is an example of the US showing global action in conflict?

A

War on Terror
- since 2001, the US has led a global effort against Islamic terrorism in Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, East Africa + the Middle East

67
Q

What is an example of the US showing global action in natural distaters?

A

2010 Haitian Earthquake
7.0 magnitude earthquake
- US was main aid benefactors, other countries got aid fatigue
- however high levels of corruption + poverty + gang violence have slowed aid efforts still now

68
Q

Why was there military action in Afghanistan?

A

The US went into Afghanistan in 2001 to remove the Taliban + remove Bin Laden
- once he was killed, the US trained the Afghan army + reconstructed the area
-> however during this time the Taliban were gaining support in the countryside + the US losing it after a series of air strikes hit civilans
US withdrew from Afghan in 2021, Taliban quickly retook power

69
Q

How do neighbouring countries feel about Afghanisatn?

A

INDIA fears destabilisation from Islamic groups in Pakistan + Afghanistan

RUSSIA, UZBECKISTAN, TURKMENISTAN + TAJJKINSTAN - fear Islamic uprisings within their own borders

CHINA - less corncered about Afghan

IRAN - opposes the western government + backs Afghanisatn

70
Q

What is a military alliance?

A

treaties which involve mutual defence

71
Q

How do broad military alliances aid the US?

A

Broad military alliances with many countries
- allow the US to position powerful air and naval assets around the world - they have a global reach

72
Q

What is NATO?

A

Has 30 member states - world’s largest alliance in terms of military power
-> 3/5 permanent members of the UN Security council are in NATO

  • if one member is attacked, all NATO members will take actions to defend it.
73
Q

What is the ANZUS treaty?

A

A military alliance between Australia, New Zealand + the USA.

Aim of the treaty is to keep the Pacific region safe + that they will act as a collected defence is any of the countries are attacked

74
Q

What are economic alliances?

A

When superpowers are tied by economic alliances - achieved by free-trade agreements, which allow for tarriff-free trade

75
Q

What is AUKUS?

A

New alliance formed after Brexit
Australia, UK, US

  • UK are forming military alliances with countries outside Europe
  • UK + Australian officers can command each other boats as equipment is interchangeable
    GIVES WESTERN POWERS MORE PRESENCE IN SOUTH EAST REGION
76
Q

What is ASEAN?

A

Economic alliance
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- free trade area with 10 members
- had agreed to work towards a single market however this has not happened

77
Q

How is the European Union an alliance?

A

A single market trade bloc composed of 28 countries
- guarantees the free movement of goods, capital + people
- has a single currency
- has integrated economic policy areas

78
Q

What is the UN, why was it set up?

A

United Nations was set up in 1945, part of an attempt to create a new world order of peace and stability

79
Q

What is the UN Security Council?

A

Makes decisions on issues:
- whether military action is needed against countries seen to be breaking international law or persecuting people
- applying economic or diplomatic sanctions to countries -> to try and change their behaviour

80
Q

Who are the Security Coucil’s 5 permanent members?

A

USA, France, UK, Russia + China
- The US, UK and France tend to vote together giving the West a 3:2 advantage

These 5 members can veto any resolution

81
Q

What is the International Court of Justice (UN) ?

A

Upholds international law
- has a western framework
- has 15 judges - who represent different global regions -> 5 are permanent

The court only deals with cases brought by individual countries, rather than individuals

82
Q

What was the 2015 Paris Agreement?

A

Countries agreed to continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
- keep any rise in global temperatures below a 2 degree increase
- 196 parties signed the agreement

83
Q

What are peacekeepers?

A

Peacekeeping missions can be set up by the UN - sources armed forces from member states
- have been successful at preventing conflicts

84
Q

What is the IPCC?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- organisation responsible for producing regular scientific assessments on climate change, its impacts + how to mitigate

85
Q

What is the problem with climate agreements such as Paris Agreement?

A
  • Not legally binding
  • Climate change has become a political tool in countries
    -> Trump withdrew from the agreements as soon as he took office
86
Q

Why is having control of natural resources important?

A

Having control of natural resources is crucial if a country wants to gain superpower status

Disputes may occur
- if the resources are transboundary resources
- are in areas of territorial disputes

87
Q

What is an Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ)?

A

is the marine area 200 nautical miles off the coastline of any country and is included in the territory of that country

87
Q

When can disputes occur between countries related to EEZs?

A
  • if countries EEZs overlap and they can’t reach an agreement on how to share the area
  • if multiple countries show an intrest in unclaimed territory
87
Q

Why is the Artic expected to be the next area to exploited? (resources)

A

There are reserves of oil and natural gas in the Artic Cycle -> these are beyond the EEZ of Canada, USA, Russia etc
- and unlike the Antarctica is not protected from resource exploitation

87
Q

What countries have made territorial claims in the Artic?

A

Russia
Canada
Greenland (Denmark)
Norway
USA

88
Q

Why do both Russia and China have interests in the Artic circle?

A

Russia have developed a Northern Sea Development plan
- aims to create a sea route through the Artic sea between China, Russia + Europe (faster than through Suez canal + Russia would have greater control)

89
Q

What is the proposed Northern Sea Development plan? (resources)

A

Aims to create northern sea route through Artic Sea
- Russia have installed military bases here
- Investment in 40 new ice ships - which can move through ice
- creation of 500km of train lines tpo link up new ports

Sea route only developed due to melting ice due to climate change

90
Q

Why is demand for resources increasing in emerging countries?

A
  • increasing population
  • increasing wealth -> an emerging middle class
  • undergoing rapid urbanisation and industrialisation
    -> results in environmental degradation
91
Q

How does an emerging middle class impact resource demand?

A

As the emerging middle class get richer, the demand for luxuries increases
-> e.g they consume more
manufactured goods than
lower class groups

Changes in diet lead to a greater demand on staple grains e.g wheat + rice

Growing demand for water as population grows

92
Q

What natural resources do superpowers have a high demand for?

A

WATER needed for human consumption, industry
ENERGY used to power homes + business + transport
MINERALS provide manufacturing + construction with raw materials
LAND used to build + food production

93
Q

Why do superpowers have such a high demand for natural resources?

A
  • large populations
  • have economies based of industries that consume high amounts of raw materials
  • likely to be hubs of trade and transport that have high energy demands

CONSUMERISM

94
Q

Why are high levels of consumption causing local and global environmental issues?

A
  • natural areas of land are degraded
  • ecological sensitive areas of land are exploited for unconventional sources of energy
  • poor water quality from inefficient farming practices
95
Q

Why are superpowers still the largest producers of fossil fuels?

A
  • high levels of consumerism
  • economies are reliant on fossil fuels
96
Q

How have the EU tackled carbon emissions?

A

Kyoto Protocol
Set out environmental laws about:
- acceptable levels of pollution
- how intensely land can be used to grow food
- water sources ate strictly regulated

97
Q

What is the Kyoto Protocol?
(environmental)

A

aims to reduce emissions from industrialised countries by setting a carbon emissions reduction target

98
Q

Why did the annexation of Crimea occur?

A

Ukraine tried to join EU in 2013 - Russia invaded in 2014 (Putin lost political influence)
Gave Russia access to a warm water port

99
Q

What is intellectual property?

A

the design of a product

100
Q

What is the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)?

A

Operated by the UN
- regulates intellectual property + enables creators to protect their work -> INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

101
Q

What are intellectual property rights?

A

Prevent ideas or designs being used by another person or company in order to profit it from it

If a company wishes to use the intellectual property of another they must pay a royalty fee

102
Q

What is a sphere of influence?

A

the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a country or territory

103
Q

How is a rise in counterfeited goods in China creating tensions?

A
  • TNCs and companies are losing millions each year from conterfeited goods
  • conterfeited good are often usafe and put customers at risk
  • TNCs may limit investment in China is they fear IP theft
  • strains trade agreements
104
Q

SOUTH CHINA SEA

A

See mindmap

105
Q

What is an example of economic ties developing between emerging powers and the developing world?

A

Growing relationship between China + Africa
(linked with Belt + Road project)

106
Q

How are the ties between Africa + China benefitted both of them?

A

China increasingly depends on Africa’s raw materials
Africa relies on investment from China (for HEP, railway, ports, roads etc)
-> this focus brings jobs and raises income in African countries

It is increasing interdependence

107
Q

What are the challenges presented by the economic tie between Africa + China?

A
  • many jobs are done by Chinese migrant workers
  • mining + oil extraction is causing deforestation + water pollution
  • Chinese imported goods have undercut local African producers
108
Q

Why may there be political tension between China + India in the future?

A
  • they have rivaling ideologies - communist dictatorship vs democracy
  • China has formed a strong alliance with Pakistan but India and Pakistan have a tense relationship
  • have recently become rivals in outer space with both having advanced space programmes
109
Q

Why is the Middle East an area of tension?

A
  • Most MUSLIM countries are hostile to the JEWISH state of Israel -> who is a key ally of US
  • Religious differneces between SUNNI (Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey) and SHIA (Iran, Iraq, Lebanon) is a source of conflict
  • Rise of ISLAMIC STATE in Iraq + Syria has created wars, terrorism + a refuge crisis

Very unstable region
-> Russia support Iran, US + EU lean towards Saudi Arabia

110
Q

What was the Arab Spring (tensions in Middle East)?

A

A string of uprisings in the Middle East + North Africa between 2011-12
Uprisings have been about:
- economic decline
- corruption
- desire for stronger democratic rights

111
Q

What is viewed as causing reason of most tension in the Middle East?

A

The complexity in the region can be dated back to agreements after the World Wars when the region was divided into new states
-> religion/ ethnic groups were not taken into consideration

112
Q

Why is the Middle East economically important?

A

Much of Europe + the US’s involvement in the Middle East is connected to the oil reserves found there

Middle East hold 48% of world’s oil
-> peace + stabilty have a direct impact on stability of oil trade

113
Q

What is the New Development Bank?

A

Set up by BRIC countries
- provides loans and funds infrastructure projects (Chinese construction companies take on the work)

China is using NDB to advance its economic intrests

114
Q

What economic problems may superpowers face?

A

STRUCTUAL UNEMPLOYMENT
- loss of manufacturing jobs to emerging economies
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTRING
- global shift has caused deindustrialisation in the EU
AGING + CARE
- rising life expectancy puts more pressure on social services

THESE PARTICULARLY AFFECT USA + EU

115
Q

What are the large economic costs associated with superpowers?

A
  • defence
  • intelligence services
  • social security
  • transport
  • medicare

Large amounts of superpowers GDP is spent on defence - this can be questioned when 13% of Americans live in poverty

116
Q

What are the 3 possible future outcomes of superpowers?

A
  1. Unipolar - USA remains the single domaint power
  2. Bi-polar - China draws level with US
  3. Multi-polar - USA and EU decline relative to increasingly powerful BRICS

Geography (9 decks)

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