Regeneration Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 types of economies?
A
Primary - create + extract raw materials 1%
Secondary - manufacturer products
Tertiary - services 81%
Quaternary - scientific research - found in London + South east
2
Q
What social factors can affect people’s employment opportunities?
A
- If they have poor health - less employment opportunities
- Engagement in education - those from low income backgrounds, with small job prospects more likely to drop out of school
But those with higher qualification -> more likely to have higher paying job -> more job opportunities
3
Q
How can income affect social impacts?
A
More you earn -> more likely you are to have good health + live longer because ;
- Can afford preventive care/check ups
- Live in higher quality housing + less likely to affect health
-> Urban areas can affect health
4
Q
An area can be classified by types of employment within a place… what are they?
A
- Self-employed
- Permanent contracts
These are economically active people who can gain financial security -> if there is a high % of such people in an area …-> more likely to grow economically - Temporary
- Seasonal (agriculture)
- Zero-hours
Less likely to earn more and have less financial security
-> if an area has a high proportion of these - less likely to grow economically
5
Q
How many workers are there in the UK - how many are unemployed?
A
32 million workers in the UK
- 1.85 million unemployed
6
Q
What is a function?
A
A function of a place serves the needs of the people who live there
7
Q
What are examples of functions?
A
- Administrative - provides public services (schools, hospitals)
- Commercial - provides profitable services (banks)
- Industrial
- Retail
Places are likely to have a combination of these functions
8
Q
How may a function of a place change over time?
A
A place’s dominant function is likely to change over time as economic needs change e.g online shopping has lead to a reduced retail dominant function
9
Q
What is gentrification?
A
a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location
Planner may choose to upgrade a place’s characteristics to attract people of higher incomes
10
Q
What is studentification?
A
- growth of uni has led to student hotspots
This has lead to: - local housing market has changed
-> more renting than buying - conflict between residents + students
- anti -social behaviour rising
- lived enviornment is worse -> student housing is often run down and not maintained
11
Q
What is ethnic composition?
A
the ethnic group make-up of a population
12
Q
What does quality of life measure?
A
It measures people’s levels of health + living standards, and their ability to take part in life events
13
Q
What is the demographic of a place?
A
- who the people are and what they are like -> this often changes alongside function
for example: - new functions attract new workers
- places that are economically active attract young people + more ethnically diverse workers
14
Q
Compare common demographics from rural to urban places?
A
Rural areas see high % of elderly people
Urban areas see higher % of a younger working population
15
Q
What are reasons for change (Physical)?
A
The physical geography may change over time or expanding areas may run out of space
- proximity to large cities + core economic zones
- Some parts are climatically inhospitable, due to high rainfall or very low winter temperatures
16
Q
What are reasons for change (Accessibility)?
A
- Some places are more accessible than other e.g close to main motorway
- Improved accessibility will attract more skilled workers to businesses
-> also help competition for investment
17
Q
What are reasons for change (Connectedness)?
A
- Strongly linked to accessibility
- may mean technological connectedness - an area with 5G is more likely to attract business + investment
18
Q
What are reasons for change (Historical development)?
A
- Historical buildings (e.g canals) can be physical assets for places seeking regeneration
- there are periods of ‘boom + bust’ which shape a place
19
Q
What shapes a place (Local + National Planning)?
A
- How places develop is influenced by decisions made by national/local government
National Level - development funds will be allocated to different locations
-Planning regulations will prevent development e.g green belt land
20
Q
What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?
A
Attempts to quantify deprivation in different places.
Uses 7 categories
Is a fine grained index - splits the UK into 33,000 small areas
21
Q
What 7 categories are used to calculate the IMD? (and order of weighting)
A
Income (large)
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing + services
Living environment (less)
22
Q
Where are lowest levels of deprivation found in the UK?
A
Rural areas, communter belt towns, villages in South + South East
23
Q
Apart from the IMD what other ways can we measure change to an area?
A
- Changes to employment trends in each sector
- Changes to house prices
- Quantitative changes to demographic data (e.g age/ethnic structure)
- Land use maps
24
Q
Transport infrastructure in Maidstone
A
Linked to major motorways
- m20 juctions
- nearby to m2
3 train stations
- different connections around kent
Lots of schools
Many A roads around maidstone
-> suffer with high levels of congestion
25
Maidstone's changing function
was previously a market town
- has industrial buisness based in Maidstone in the Industrial Revolution - wool factory
Now hold county hall (administrive)
- lots of housing + housing increasing (residential)
26
Regional influences on Maidstone
County town of Kent
Largely a residential town
- many schools
-> people come from outskits of Maidstone for school
Kent's largest financial sector
27
National influences on Maidstone
Linked closely to London, become communter town
-> high street is mow run-down many shops closing down
-> people go outside maidstone to shop - large shopping centres nearby e.g Bluewater, Ashord Outlet
Affected by government descions on council spending money
- gov policy is to increase housing so more housing built around maidstone
28
National Influences on Reading/ London
29
Global Influences on Reading/ London
30
International Influences on Maidstone
Operation Brock - following Brexit
- affected social + the local economy
Kent has struggled with a lack of seasonal farmers since brexit - needed for fruit farms
31
Socio- economic inequalities in Maidstone
CRIME
Tovil - 7% -> very high
Allington - 99% -> very low
Linked to economic activity
Tovil - house prices below national average
Allington - above national average - £89,000 more than Tovil
Therefore Allington has people in more high earning jobs
RETIRED
Allington - 26%
Tovil - 6%
EMPLOYMENT
- Allington - 10% employed in managerial roles - above average
- Tovil - public sector, manual workers + unemployed above average
32
What is identity?
refers to people's feelings, perceptions and shared beliefs + way of life
- can create a sense of community
33
How may students, young workers + migrants be affected by identify + perception of a place?
- young people may feel they want to leave a place with poor image
- young workers attracted to places with positive image
- more likely to be more job opportunties in places with a more attractive perception
34
MAIDSTONE PERCPETION/ DATA 3.C
35
LONDON/ READING PERCEPTION 3.B
36
What may impact change in an area?
- deindustralisation
- in migration
- development of internet -> online shopping
- diversification of rural area
37
What characteristics show a place is successful?
- high rates of employment
- inward migration
- low levels of deprivation
38
What is inequality?
the uneven distribution of economic + social opportunties
39
How may people on either side view of inequality?
- High income, higher quality of life and more opportunities may view a place as fresh + exciting
- Low income, low quality of life may view a place negatively - trapped
40
Explain how Sydney is a successful place?
- High rates of employment
- Inward migration as the region attract people + investment
- Low levels of deprivation
Cumulative causation - increased economic activity leading to increased prosperity + development
41
How do successful rural regions differ to urban region?
Rural
- usually on a smaller scale
- rural areas see in-migration of younger families, commuters + retirees
Urban
- either due to market forces/ government- led regen
- people with lower incomes become disadvantaged due to high costs of living + property prices
42
Explain Detroit as a declining region?
Spiral of decline is occurring
- Deindustrialisation occured following overseas competition from Japan for Detroit's car manufactures
-> job losses + wages cuts
- more affluent workers migrated out of the city + spiral of decline occured - services shut etc
ECONOMIC DECLINE -> SOCIAL DECLINE
- lack of investment in public services lead to poorer healthcare + education
43
How does rural decline different?
- caused by ageing population + out migration of young people
- falling employment in primary sector
- decline in rural services
- shift to services industries only benefits popular areas accessible from major towns
44
Why are sink estates targets from regeneration?
they are centres of social decline - fuelled by a lack of economic opportunities
45
What are sink estates?
- council housing estates that are undesirable to live in
Characterised by:
- high levels of economic + social deprivation
- high crime
46
What are gated communities?
Wealthy residential areas that are fenced off + have security gates + entry systems
47
What factors affect political engagement?
- language barriers
- lack of trust in politicians (young people)
- feelings of no influence (minorities)
- lack of belonging to a community giving sense of isolation
48
What is the best way to measure engagement in an area?
Election turnout
It is important as communities most in need of regeneration often are the least engaged in political processes that influence regeneration
49
What are common characteristics of election turnout?
- turnout lowest in deprived inner cities + high in wealthy suburbs
- only 55% of minorities voted
- 43% ages 18-24 voted
50
How do people engage with their community?
- People engage with their place through community groups, where local people can be advocated for change
- Sports team/ clubs
Strong communication within communities can make engagement in a place easier e.g Social media can raise awareness of an isssue
51
What can lived experience be affected by?
- length of residence
- levels of deprivation
- age
-ethnicity
52
How do local community groups vary across the UK?
Groups of local people can be strong advocates for change
- often start because people are frustrated by growing inequality where they live
- these might be supporting networks of people with similar ideas -> tend to centre on activism + raising awareness
53
What is the definiton of lived experience?
A person's first-hand experience of living in a particular place
54
How can age impact lived experience?
Young adults struggling to enter the labour market will see a place differently to older people close to retirement
e.g old - finds place tranquil, young - boring
55
How can length of residence impact lived experience?
- Transient populations - e.g students have different experiences to people living there permanently
- People who have recently moved to an area may have a language or cultural barrier
- Studentification
56
What is studentification?
The process by which a place becomes more heavily occupied by students
- this can be fustrasting for residents as students has a lack of regard for the lived environment
57
What is Northern Powerhouse ?
Policy to empower cities in North of England to work together
NEED TO FINISH
58
How can different ethnicity's affect lived experience?
- Specific ethnic groups may feel the place they've moved to is disconnected from their cultural heritage
- some international migrants may feel a strong connection to a place as it is the first place the are safe
59
What is the defintion of asylum?
Protection provided by the state to someone who escaped persecution in their home country
60
How can level of deprivation affect the lived experience?
high levels may be associated with establishment views
- those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel less attached that home-owners
61
What is the defintion of place attachment?
the bond between an individual or community and a location
62
Why may conflicts occur in local areas?
- lack of political engagement or representation
- ethnic tensions
- inequality
- lack of economic opportunity
63
What types of data can provide evidence of a need for regeneration?
- Cenus data
- Labour force data -> helps identify gaps in the labour market
64
Why do the government invest in transport infrastructure?
Can help to continue economic growth + can act as a catalyst for new development + regeneration
- can cause an increase in job opportunities as more people can reach areas
65
How has the government invested in the national infrastructure?
- Uk motorway network - to reduce travel times between regions
- High Speed Rail Network
- Investment in regional airports
-> Heathrow has been expanded + investment in smaller airports e.g Glasgow
66
What is the HS2 project?
High Speed 2 Railway
- links London to other major cities with a faster trainline
- claims this would spread the wealth from London
Has been called off due to high expenses in a struggling economic climate
67
What planning policies have the government put in place in terms of regeneration?
- Greenbelt land
-> surrounding land in major large cities cannot be built on
- Conservation area
-> have strict planning regulations that limit development
68
How have central government encouraged regeneration?
Deregulation - relaxation of rules
-> allows for foreign investment
-> gov may fund some of a scheme whilst expectations are that private investment back the rest
Migration
- increased migration puts pressure on housing + social care
- however brings increased tax revenue + provides skilled labour
- young migrants also act against an ageing population
69
How do local authroities try to attract inwards investment?
Regeneration schemes
- Enterprise zones -> incentives to buisnesses such as tax breaks
- Science parks - quaternary industry (often located within enterprise zones)
70
Retail -led regeneration
- provides jobs + investment into local area
- can also boost local spending outside of retail hours - often contain gyms, cinemas
Liverpool 1
71
Leisure/ spot led regeneration
Hosting large sporting events raises the profile of an area + brings tourists to the area
- investing in new facilities leaves a legacy
72
Rebranding
removes negative images people had of a place
- involes redeveloping an area
- large international events can act as a catalyst for this
73
Why is re-imaging an important part of regeneration?
has the potential to attract new investors + workers to the area
- used alongside redevelopment projects
74
How can success of regeneration be judged?
- economic growth
- house price changes
- number of buisnesses
- engagment
- life expectancy
- lived experience
- population chnage
