High Yield

Question 1

How does sympathetic firing effect currents in the SA and AV node?

Answer 1

It would increase ICaL, If and IK

Question 2

What does sympathetic firing do to atrial and ventricle currents?

Answer 2

Increases ICaL and increases IK

No change in INa

Question 3

What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the SA node?

Answer 3

More positive MDP, increase phase 4 depolarization, decrease action potential duration

Question 4

What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the AV node?

Answer 4

Increase conduction velocity and increase P0 depolarization

Question 5

What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the atrial and ventricular myocytes?

Answer 5

More positive phase 2 and duration of the AP will decrease

Question 6

What is the effect on currents from parasympathetic stimulation to the SA and AV node?

Answer 6

Decrease : ICaL, If, IK

Increase: IKAch

Question 7

What will be the overall effect of parasympathetic stimulation to the SA node?

Answer 7

Decrease HR, more neg MDP, slower phase 4, increased AP duration

Question 8

In a person with chronic hypertension, how would their response differ for a normal person when going from supine to sitting?

Answer 8

The individual with chronic hypertension would experience a greater drop in arterial pressure due to baroreceptor desensitivity.

Question 9

What is the Fick Equation?

Answer 9

CO = (O2 Consumption)/(O2 Artery - O2 Veins)

Question 10

How does a beta 1 receptor alter current in the SA and AV node, as well as Atrial and ventricular myocytes?

Answer 10

SA + AV = Increased If and ICaL

Atrial and Vent Myo - Increased ICaL and Ik

Question 11

What is the equation for net filtration?

Answer 11

(Pc - Pi) - (Oncotic pressure P - Oncotic pressure I)

Question 12

Membrane potential formula?

Answer 12

V = (fgK x Ek) + (fgNa x ENa)

Question 13

TPR formula?

Answer 13

TPR = (MAP - RAP)/CO

Question 14

Ejection fraction formula?

Answer 14

Ejection fraction = SV/EDV

Question 15

What is the biggest determinant of O2 consumption?

Answer 15

Increasing or decreasing inotropic state

Question 16

How will hyper/hypokalemia effect MDP?

Answer 16

Hyper - More negative

Hypo - Less negative

Question 17

How does the QRS complex change in hyper/hypokalemia?

Answer 17

It widens

Question 18

What is the effect of resting depolarization of the membrane on Na Channels?

Answer 18

Decreases the number of available resting Na channels

Question 19

What are some things that can lead to a flat T wave?

Answer 19

Hypokalemia, decreased Ik current, Beta antagonist or decreased sympathetic firing

Question 20

What are some causes of wide splitting of S2?

Answer 20

Pulmonary stenosis or Right bundle branch block

Question 21

What are some causes of paradoxical splitting of S2?

Answer 21

Aortic stenosis and LBB

Question 22

What determines the rate of venous return?

Answer 22

Tone, Volume, and gravity

Question 23

How can you increase afterload?

Answer 23

Vasoconstrictor or hypertension

Question 24

How can you decrease afterload?

Answer 24

Vasodilator or shock

Question 25

How will aortic stenosis affect afterload?

Answer 25

Increase it

Question 26

What is the effect of cardiac glycoside?

Answer 26

Increasing inotropic state

Question 27

What is factor II?

Answer 27

Thrombin

Question 28

What is the role of factor XIII?

Answer 28

Crosslinking fibrin

Question 29

What is the role of factor VIII?

Answer 29

Increase effect of factor 9 on factor 10

Question 30

What is the effect of factor 5?

Answer 30

increase effect of factor 10 on 2

Question 31

What activates factor XIII?

Answer 31

Thrombin

Question 32

Tissue factor activates what?

Answer 32

The extrinsic pathway

Question 33

Rate of runoff is determined by?

Answer 33

How fast blood flows from arterial to venous

Question 34

How can rate of runoff be change?

Answer 34

Increasing TPR will decrease rate of runoff | decreasing TPR will increase rate of runoff

Question 35

How changing rate of runoff change aortic diastolic pressure?

Answer 35

decreasing rate of runoff will increase ADP | increasing rate of runoff will decrease ADP

Question 36

How will changing runoff time affect ADP?

Answer 36

Runoff time is effected by HR Decreasing HR will increase runoff time and decrease ADP Increasing HR will decrease runoff time and increase ADP

Question 37

Apo E absence will result in?

Answer 37

Increased VLDL (Ligand for LDL)

Question 38

Apo B48 absence will result in?

Answer 38

Increased levels of chylomicron

Question 39

Apo C-II absence will result in?

Answer 39

Increased VLDL and trig (lipoprotein lipase)

Question 40

Apo A 1 absence will result in?

Answer 40

Decrease HDL

Question 41

Defective ABCA1 will result in?

Answer 41

Tangier's disease - low cholesterol and almost nonexistant HDL

Question 42

Absence in apoB-100 would result in?

Answer 42

Elevated LDL and normal trig due to defects in affinity for LDL receptor

Question 43

Septic Shock is?

Answer 43

When a person has sepsis and has sustained hypotension despite fluid resuscitation

Question 44

How does renovascular hypertension affect CO?

Answer 44

INcreases both MAP and TPR

Question 45

Where does atherosclerosis begin?

Answer 45

In the intima

Question 46

What are the main drugs for HF?

Answer 46

Bisprolol, metoprolol succinate, and carvedilol

Question 47

What drugs are not to be used during pregnancy?

Answer 47

Renin inh - Aliskren Ace inhibitors - drugs ending in pril Angiotensin receptor blockers - sartan

Question 48

What are two early critical features of atherosclerosis?

Answer 48

Proliferation of smooth muscle and accumulation of lipid

Question 49

When would you not prescribe beta blockers?

Answer 49

TO A PERSON WITH ASTHMA

Question 50

What is the best indication of shock?

Answer 50

SvO2 low - indicated poor tissue perfusion

Question 51

What is the main complication of rheumatic fever?

Answer 51

Mitral stenosis