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Cardiology > High Yield > Flashcards

High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

How does sympathetic firing effect currents in the SA and AV node?

A

It would increase ICaL, If and IK

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2
Q

What does sympathetic firing do to atrial and ventricle currents?

A

Increases ICaL and increases IK

No change in INa

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3
Q

What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the SA node?

A

More positive MDP, increase phase 4 depolarization, decrease action potential duration

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4
Q

What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the AV node?

A

Increase conduction velocity and increase P0 depolarization

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5
Q

What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the atrial and ventricular myocytes?

A

More positive phase 2 and duration of the AP will decrease

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6
Q

What is the effect on currents from parasympathetic stimulation to the SA and AV node?

A

Decrease : ICaL, If, IK

Increase: IKAch

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7
Q

What will be the overall effect of parasympathetic stimulation to the SA node?

A

Decrease HR, more neg MDP, slower phase 4, increased AP duration

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8
Q

In a person with chronic hypertension, how would their response differ for a normal person when going from supine to sitting?

A

The individual with chronic hypertension would experience a greater drop in arterial pressure due to baroreceptor desensitivity.

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9
Q

What is the Fick Equation?

A

CO = (O2 Consumption)/(O2 Artery - O2 Veins)

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10
Q

How does a beta 1 receptor alter current in the SA and AV node, as well as Atrial and ventricular myocytes?

A

SA + AV = Increased If and ICaL

Atrial and Vent Myo - Increased ICaL and Ik

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11
Q

What is the equation for net filtration?

A

(Pc - Pi) - (Oncotic pressure P - Oncotic pressure I)

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12
Q

Membrane potential formula?

A

V = (fgK x Ek) + (fgNa x ENa)

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13
Q

TPR formula?

A

TPR = (MAP - RAP)/CO

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14
Q

Ejection fraction formula?

A

Ejection fraction = SV/EDV

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15
Q

What is the biggest determinant of O2 consumption?

A

Increasing or decreasing inotropic state

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16
Q

How will hyper/hypokalemia effect MDP?

A

Hyper - More negative

Hypo - Less negative

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17
Q

How does the QRS complex change in hyper/hypokalemia?

A

It widens

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18
Q

What is the effect of resting depolarization of the membrane on Na Channels?

A

Decreases the number of available resting Na channels

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19
Q

What are some things that can lead to a flat T wave?

A

Hypokalemia, decreased Ik current, Beta antagonist or decreased sympathetic firing

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20
Q

What are some causes of wide splitting of S2?

A

Pulmonary stenosis or Right bundle branch block

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21
Q

What are some causes of paradoxical splitting of S2?

A

Aortic stenosis and LBB

22
Q

What determines the rate of venous return?

A

Tone, Volume, and gravity

23
Q

How can you increase afterload?

A

Vasoconstrictor or hypertension

24
Q

How can you decrease afterload?

A

Vasodilator or shock

25
Q

How will aortic stenosis affect afterload?

A

Increase it

26
Q

What is the effect of cardiac glycoside?

A

Increasing inotropic state

27
Q

What is factor II?

A

Thrombin

28
Q

What is the role of factor XIII?

A

Crosslinking fibrin

29
Q

What is the role of factor VIII?

A

Increase effect of factor 9 on factor 10

30
Q

What is the effect of factor 5?

A

increase effect of factor 10 on 2

31
Q

What activates factor XIII?

A

Thrombin

32
Q

Tissue factor activates what?

A

The extrinsic pathway

33
Q

Rate of runoff is determined by?

A

How fast blood flows from arterial to venous

34
Q

How can rate of runoff be change?

A

Increasing TPR will decrease rate of runoff

decreasing TPR will increase rate of runoff

35
Q

How changing rate of runoff change aortic diastolic pressure?

A

decreasing rate of runoff will increase ADP

increasing rate of runoff will decrease ADP

36
Q

How will changing runoff time affect ADP?

A

Runoff time is effected by HR
Decreasing HR will increase runoff time and decrease ADP
Increasing HR will decrease runoff time and increase ADP

37
Q

Apo E absence will result in?

A

Increased VLDL (Ligand for LDL)

38
Q

Apo B48 absence will result in?

A

Increased levels of chylomicron

39
Q

Apo C-II absence will result in?

A

Increased VLDL and trig (lipoprotein lipase)

40
Q

Apo A 1 absence will result in?

A

Decrease HDL

41
Q

Defective ABCA1 will result in?

A

Tangier’s disease - low cholesterol and almost nonexistant HDL

42
Q

Absence in apoB-100 would result in?

A

Elevated LDL and normal trig due to defects in affinity for LDL receptor

43
Q

Septic Shock is?

A

When a person has sepsis and has sustained hypotension despite fluid resuscitation

44
Q

How does renovascular hypertension affect CO?

A

INcreases both MAP and TPR

45
Q

Where does atherosclerosis begin?

A

In the intima

46
Q

What are the main drugs for HF?

A

Bisprolol, metoprolol succinate, and carvedilol

47
Q

What drugs are not to be used during pregnancy?

A

Renin inh - Aliskren
Ace inhibitors - drugs ending in pril
Angiotensin receptor blockers - sartan

48
Q

What are two early critical features of atherosclerosis?

A

Proliferation of smooth muscle and accumulation of lipid

49
Q

When would you not prescribe beta blockers?

A

TO A PERSON WITH ASTHMA

50
Q

What is the best indication of shock?

A

SvO2 low - indicated poor tissue perfusion

51
Q

What is the main complication of rheumatic fever?

A

Mitral stenosis

Cardiology (46 decks)

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