Higher Order Functions - Left Hemisphere/Language Flashcards

1
Q

unimodal association cortices is ___________ and _____________.

A

modality specific

unidirectional

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2
Q

Unimodal includes what cortices?

A

motor association cortex (premotor and supplemental motor area)
somatosensory association cortex
visual association cortex
auditory association cortex

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3
Q

heteromodal is found in what 2 locations in the cortex?

A

frontal lobes

Parieto-occipitotemporal junction

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4
Q

heteromodal includes ________ mental functions and _________ connections

A

higher-order

bidirectional (motor, sensory, limbic)

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5
Q

left hemisphere includes:

A

analytical thought
logic, reasoning
language centers

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6
Q

right hemisphere includes:

A
perceptual integration
imagination
insight
intuition
creativity
emotional drive
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7
Q

what is the most common asymmetry in the brain?

A

handedness

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8
Q

fMRI suggest although each hemisphere control simple movements of contralateral limbs, BUT highly skilled complex motor tasks are programmed by which hemisphere?

A

dominant hemisphere

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9
Q

language centers are predominantly in what hemisphere

A

left

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10
Q

left hemisphere is dominant for language in ____ of right handers, but also _______ of left handers

A

over 95%

60-70%

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11
Q

what is something significant seen with left-handers in regards to their language centers?

A

bilateral language representation so these individuals are believed to recover from language impairments quicker than right-handers

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12
Q

Broca’s area is in charge of what in regards to language

A

neural representation for words are converted into word output (i.e. speech output)

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13
Q

Wernicke’s area is in charge of what in regards to language

A

neural representation for sounds are converted into word output (i.e. language comprehension)

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14
Q

how to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas communicate with each other

A

arcuate fasciculus

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15
Q

what are the 4 language areas of the brain

A

inferior lateral primary motor cortex
frontal lobes
supra marginal gyrus and angular gyrus (parietal and temporal lobes)
visual cortex, visual association cortex

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16
Q

frontal lobe plays a part in what aspects in language

A

higher-order motor aspects of speech formation and planning
syntax
you have somatotopic representation of mouth and tongue here (inferior lateral primary motor cortex)
Broca’s area

17
Q

supra marginal and angular gyri play a part in what aspects in language

A

lexicon (vocabulary)
writing
Wernicke’s area

18
Q

visual cortex/visual association cortex plays a part in what aspects in language

A

reading
the path it takes: visual info -> CN II tract -> occipital lobe -> processed in visual assoc. cortex -> connect with supra marginal and angular gyri -> interpret what you read

19
Q

how is the non-dominant hemisphere involved in language areas

A

via corpus collosum
involved in affective elements of speech (ex. sound happy when happy)
thalamus and basal ganglia

20
Q

what is aphasia

A

neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain (typically seen with L hemisphere injuries)

21
Q

what are the symptoms of aphasia

A
trouble speaking clearly
trouble understanding speech
trouble writing clearly
trouble understanding written words
trouble remembering words
trouble remembering object names
22
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

“motor aphasia”
impaired language production
these pts are usually aware of deficit

23
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

impaired language comprehension (receiving and producing)

unaware of deficit

24
Q

What is Global Aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s + Broca’s impairments

25
Q

What is Alexia?

A

impairment in reading ability

26
Q

What is Alexia without aphasia?

A

lesion to dominant occipital cortex extending to the posterior corpus collosum (typically PCA infarct)

27
Q

Alexia with Broca’s

A

very shortened paraphrase when these pts talk and struggle reading outloud but can read to self perfectly fine

28
Q

Alexia with Wernicke’s

A

cannot read outloud, paraphrase errors, does not understand what they are reading

29
Q

What is Agraphia?

A

impairment in writing ability

30
Q

Agraphia without Aphasia?

A

lesions in inferior parietal lobule of language-dominant hemisphere

31
Q

Agraphia with Broca

A

very labored and sparse writing

32
Q

Agraphia with Wernicke

A

these pts write total nonsense