HIGHEST YIELD 4 Flashcards
1
Q
How’many’oxygen’ molecules’can’1’ myoglobin’molecule’ bind?
A
- 1
2
Q
Hemoglobin,can,carry,
A
- 4, molecules,of,oxygen,
3
Q
lesion’on’the’ right’visual’cortex’ posterior’to’the’lateral’ geniculate’body,’which’of’ the’following’visual’ defects’would’be’ expected?’
A
- Left hemianopia with macular sparing
4
Q
Lesions of the optic tract will present with
A
- homonymous hemianopia
5
Q
On’a’NORMAL’individual,’ What’is’the’alveolar’ ventilation,’given’the’ following:’Tidal’Volume’:’ 500mL,’RR:22cpm?’
A.’’'’7.7’L’
B.’’'’8.8’L’ C.’'’9.9’‘L’’ D.’'’10.0’L’ E.’’'’11.0’L’
A
AV=,(TV
6
Q
Majority’of’Carbon’ dioxide’is’transported’in’ the’body’thru’which’ form?’
A
- HCO3
7
Q
Pulmonary,embolism
A
there,is,good, ventilation,but,zero,perfusion,
- hence, V/Q,ratio,is,infinite,,there,is,continuous, ventilation,with,no,perfusion.,
8
Q
The,hemoglobin,Dissociation,curve, shifts,to,the,right,in
A
- Increased,CO2,,
- ACIDOSIS,(low,pH),,
- Increased,2,3, BPG,,
- Exercise,,
- Increased,Temperature.,
(similar,to,SIMILAR,TO,PREVIOUS, BOARD,EXAM,CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE,, came,out,3x!!!),
9
Q
Which’of’the’following’ combination’of’hormones’ is’synergistic’with’each’ other’to’promote’HCl’ secretion?’
A
Ach,,Histamine,,and,Gastrin,are,all, involved,in,the,several,mechanisms,of, HCl,secretion.,
-Histamine,is,the,most, important,of,the,3.,
10
Q
Basophilic,Cells,of,the,Anterior, Pituitary,Gland,secretes,the,ff:
A
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH
- MSH
11
Q
Locus’Ceruleus’of’the’ Pons’
A
- NE
12
Q
Ventral, tegmentum,of,Substantia,Nigra
A
- dopamine
13
Q
Nucleus’Accumbens’
A
- GABA
14
Q
Raphe’Nucleus’
A
Serotonin
15
Q
Alzheimer’s’Disease.’ Where’is’Acetylcholine’ produced’in’the’brain?
A
- Basal’Nucleus’of’ Meynert
16
Q
The,action,potential,of,the,SA,node, starts,at,
A
- phase 4
- The,more,steeper,the, phase,4,the,easier,it,is,to,reach,the, threshold,,hence,a,faster,cardiac,rate.,
17
Q
Erection’
A
Parasympathetic,
18
Q
normal’Alveolar-arterial’Gradient?’
A
High’altitude’
19
Q
carotid’massage’to’ decrease’the’HR.’Which’ of’the’following’is’ responsible’for’the’ transmition’of’afferent’ signals’from’the’carotid’ sinus’to’the’medulla
A
CN,IX/,Glossopharyngeal,nerve,is, responsible,for,transmitting,the, afferent,signal,from,the,carotid,sinus,, its,branch,is,specifically,termed,as,the, Herring’s,Nerve.,
20
Q
2nd’ heart’sound’is’heard
A
- Isovolumic’Relaxation’
21
Q
large’amount’of’ Calcium’gluconate
A
Arrhythmia’
22
Q
A
A
does,not,change,its,length
23
Q
,I
A
shorten.,This,also,causes,the,Z,lines,to, come,closer,together.,
24
Q
How’much’body’water’is’ lost’in’the’feces’during’ prolonged’heavy’ exercise?’
A
,set,at,350, and,100,ml/day,,respectively
25
How'much'body'water loss,from,respiration, increases,from,
350,to,650,ml/day
26
sweat,
,from,100,to,5000,ml/day.
27
Urine,finally,decreases,
from,1400,to,as, little,as,500,ml/day.,
28
'responsible' for'the'adhesion,'arrest' and'transmigration'of'all' leukocytes?'
ICAM'
29
Ventromedial'nuclei' of'hypothalamus
satiety,center;, stimulation,of,which,results,in,aphagia, (refuses,to,eat),,and,conversely,,its, destruction,leads,to,voracious,eating
30
This'refers'to'the'extra' osmotic'pressure'caused' by'cations,'primarily'Na' and'K,'held'in'the'plasma' by'the'proteins' contributing'to'the'total' plasma'colloid'osmotic' pressure
Donnan'effect'
31
Among'the''following' cellular'organelles,'this' organelle'has'the'greatest' potential'for'self8 replication'
Mitochondria'
32
A'24'year8old'woman'was' diagnosed'with' myasthenia'gravis.'She' was'prescribed'with' Pyridostigmine'and'she' noted'increased'muscle' strength'when'she'took' the'prescribed'medicine.' The'basis'for'this' improvement'is'increased' in'the:'
'Levels'of' acetylcholine'at'the' motor'end'plates'
33
resting'membrane' potential'is'determined' largely'by:'
'Potassium'efflux' through'the'Na8K'leak' channels'
34
inhibits the firing of action potentials in nerves by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the nerve cell.
Tetrodotoxin
35
,conditions,is,mainly, caused,by,roughened,endothelial, surface,of,vessels
Thromboembolic
36
,is,virtually,the, pacemaker,of,a,normal,heart,because,it, has,the,highest,frequency,of,impulse, generation
Sinoatrial,Node
37
Pulmonary'circulation' has'a'lower'pressure'due' to'
'Dilatable'vessels'
38
disappearance'of' Korotkoff'sounds
'at'the'level'above'the' diastolic'pressure'
39
Rh'hemolytic' disease'of'the'newborn
- The,mother,is, Rh,negative,while,the,fetus,is,Rh, positive
- Rh,hemolytic,disease,of,the,newborn, occurs,when,preformed,maternal, antibodies,cross,the,placenta,to,react, with,fetal,Rh+,cells.
- ,Subsequent, pregnancies,are,severely,affected, compared,to,first,child
40
Physiologic,effects,of,testosterone are:,
- growth,and,differentiation,of,internal, and,external,genitalia,,
- increased,bone, and,muscle,mass,,
- calcium,deposition,,
- epiphyseal,closure,,RBC,production,,
- increased,BMR,and,pubertal,growth, spurt.,
41
three,basic,renal,processes,are,
- glomerular,filtration,
- tubular, reabsorption,
- tubular,secretion.,
42
median,raphe,of, brainstem,
- Serotonin,is,a,monoamine,neurotransmitter,that,is,
biochemically, derived,from,tryptophan
- involved,in, regulation,of,mood,,appetite,and,sleep
43
parieto-occipitotemporal,association, area
- The,association,area,of,the,central, cortex,that,provides,a,high,level,of, interpretive,meaning,from,the, surrounding,sensory,areas,
44
middle'ear'ossicles
Amplify'the'sound
45
The,decrease,in,oxygen,affinity,of, hemoglobin,with,high,concentration,of, carbon,dioxide,is,called,
,which, happens,in,the,peripheral,tissues., There,is,unloading,of,O2,due,to, increased,hydrogen,from,tissue, metabolism
Bohr,effect.,
46
the,decrease,in,the, amount,of,carbaminohemoglobin,due, to,increased,oxygenation.,is called
In'the'lungs,'oxygenation' of'hemoglobin'promotes' dissociation'of'H+'from' hemoglobin.'This'shifts' equilibrium'toward'CO2' formation,'therefore'CO2' is'released'from'RBC.'
Haldane,effect,
47
the,exchange,of,chloride,and, bicarbonate,in,the,RBC.,is called
Chloride,shift, ,
48
In'Cushing'syndrome,' dorsocervical'fat'pad'is' due'to:'
Fat'generation'is' faster'than'metabolism'
49
Hormones'and' neurotransmitters''are' synthesized'by:
Ribosomes'of'the'RER'
50
Free,floating,ribosomes, synthesized,proteins,bound,for,the,
cytoplasm,and,mitochondria
51
synthesized,lipids
SER,
52
for,autolysis.,,
Lysosomes,
53
The'"happy'hormone"' involved'in'mood'and' sleep'is'mainly'produced' by
- 'Median'raphe'of'the' brainstem'
- serotonin,is,the,happy,hormone, involved,in,mood,and,sleep,which,is, mainly,secreted,by,the,median,raphe,of, the,brainstem
54
tuberomammillary,nucleus, of,the,hypothalamus,secretes,mainly,
histamine
55
nucleus,basalis,of,Meynert, secretes,mainly,
acetylcholine;,
56
substantia,nigra,secretes,
dopamine,,
57
Type,A fibers,
is,the,fastest,which,is,further, subdivided,into,4.,
58
Type, B,fiber,
is,used,by,all,preganglionic, autonomic,sytem.,
59
Type,C,is,for,
slow, pain,,temperature,,and,postganglionic, sympathetic.,,
60
type,A,alpha,fiber.,
Proprioception,,and, motor,use
61
jet'lag.' What'is'the'treatment?
- melatonin'and/or' sunlight'exposure'
62
How'many' percent'of'blood'flows'to',the,brain;
15%,
63
How'many' percent'of'blood'flows'to' the,heart;,
,5%,
64
How'many' percent'of'blood'flows'to' the,skin;
5%
65
How'many' percent'of'blood'flows'to each,to,the,kidney,, GIT,,and,skeletal,muscle.,
,25%
66
1st,heart,sound,
is,heard,during, isovolumic,contraction.,
67
2nd,heart, sound,
is,heard,during,isovolumic, relaxation.,
68
3rd,heart,sound,
is,heard, during,rapid,inflow.,
69
4th,heart,sound,
maybe,heard,during,atrial,systole,,
70
A'19'year'old'male' lacerated'his'wrist'cutting' a'major'blood'vessel'was' bleeding'profusely.'Heart' rate'was'120bpm'and'BP' was'80/60mmHg.'The' decreased'BP'is'detected' by'MACULA DENSA 'which'is' found'in:
,is,part,of,the,JG, apparatus.,
| It,is,found,in,the, DISTAL TUBULE ,of, the,kidney.,
71
During,skeletal,muscle,contraction
There'is'shortening'of' sarcomere,'but'not'of' actin'and'myosin'
72
physical,activities,which,last,for,10,sec.,
use,phosphagen,energy
73
Those, activities,lasting,for,1.6min,like, badminton
,use,glycogen-lactic,acid.,
74
Those,lasting,for,more,than,2,min,or, more,use,
aerobic,system.,
75
In'a'patient'with' hypovolemic'shock,'what' part'of'the'kidney'is'the' most'susceptible'to' hypoxia?'
'Proximal'convoluted' tubule'
PCT,is,the,workhorse,of,the,nephron, which,is,higly,metabolic,,thus, considered,to,be,the,most,susceptible, to,hypoxia.,
76
Bone'marrow'starts'to' form'blood'cells'at'what' age?'
''4th'month'of'fetal' development'
77
clotting'factor' IV?'
''Calcium''
78
A'408year8old'male'was' stabbed'by'an'assailant.' He'was'found'to'have' continuous'bleeding.'At' the'ER,'his'bp'was'found' to'be'80/60'mmHg.' Which'of'the'following'is' expected'in'this'patient?''
Hypovolemic,shock,,like,in,massive, hemorrhage,,will
,increase,renin, activity,and,
increase,conversion,of, angiotensin,I,to,angiotensin,II.,
Urine, osmolality,will,increase,because,the, body's,tendency,is,to,conserve,water, (due,to,increased,aldosterone).,
79
Which'among'the' anterior'pituitary' hormone'is'under'tonic' inhibitory'control?'
prolactin,is,under,tonic,inhibition
80
pancreatitis
lipase,is,more,specific,for, pancreatitis,compared,to,serum, amylase.,
81
The,QRS,complex;,;,
,represents:, ventricular,depolarization
82
P,wave:,
atrial,depolarization
83
,QRS, complex.,
atrial, repolarization,is,buried,under,the
84
The'T'wave'in'the' electrocardiogram' represents
Ventricular' repolarization'
85
Iron,is,absorbed,
mainly,in,the, duodenum,and,upper,jejunum.,
86
The'following'are' absorbed'in'the'ileum,
A.''''Bile'salts'
B.''''Vitamin'B12'
C.''''Vitamin'K'
87
Secretin,
increases,pancreatic, bicarbonate,and,bile,secretion,,while,it, decreases,gastric,acid,secretion.,
88
A,decrease,in,ESR,is,expected,in,
polycythemia,,
sickle,cell,anemia,,
congestive,heart,failure,
hypofibrinogenemia.,
89
Type,1,muscle,fibers,
are,slow,twitch, red,fibers,resulting,from,increased, mitochondria,and,myoglobin, concentration.,
90
BP
= CO,x,TPR;,
91
CO
=, HR,x,SV,
92
Continued'production'of' this'estrogen'depends'on' the'living'fetus,'hence'is' used'as'a'marker'of'fetal' well-being
Estriol'
93
Hyperpolarization,
Depolarization,is,making,the, mambrane,potential,more,negative.,
94
Threshold,
Depolarization,is,the,membrane, potential,in,which,occurrence,of,action, potential,is,inevitable
95
Refractory,period,
Depolarization,is,the,period,in, which,a,new,action,potential,can,not,be, elicited.,
96
no,answer,
Depolarization,is,the,period,in, which,a,new,action,potential,can,be, elicited.
97
depolarization
'Depolarization'is' making'the'membrane' potential'less'negative
98
Which'of'the'following' nerve'fiber'type'conducts' action'potential'the' fastest?
'Type'Aα'
99
slowest,,non-myelinated,
Type,C
100
Thalamic,lesions
cause, retrograde, amnesia
101
Hippocampal,lesions
cause, anterograde,amnesia
102
Alpha,waves
103
Beta,waves
104
Theta,waves
105
Delta,waves
106
Ruffini's,end,organs
107
Merkel's,Disc
108
Meissner's,corpuscle
109
Free,nerve,endings
110
'Pacinian'corpuscle'
This'tactile'receptor'is'an' onion-like'structure'in' the'skin'and'deep'fascia' that'detects'high- frequency'vibration
111
also'known'as' capacitance'vessels' because'of'its'function'as' reservoir'of'blood
- Veins holds more than 60% of blood volume
112
Hypercalcemia
113
Hypokalemia
114
Hypocalcemia
115
What'does'Tall'T'waves' in'contiguous'leads'in'an' ECG'tracing'imply?'
'Hyperkalemia'
116
Cushing,reflex:,
HPN,,
Bradycardia,,
Irregular,respiration,
117
Serotonin
118
fast
=glycolytic;
119
, slow
- oxidative
- Smaller'in'size'
- Slower'Calcium' reuptake'by'sarcoplasmic' reticulum''
- Has'more'numerous' mitochondria'
- For'endurance' activities'
120
Troponin,T
121
Troponin,I
122
Troponin,C
123
right kidney is lower than
- left kidney because of the liver
124
Glomerulotubular,balance
125
Tubuloglomerular,feedback
126
Factors,that,shift,potassium,out,of, cells:
```
,insulin,deficiency,,
addison's,,
B-blockers,,
acidosis,,
cell,lysis,,
strenuous, exercise,,
increased,ECF,osmolality,
```
127
A'newborn'infant'is'born' with'58alpha'reductase' deficiency
Dihydrotestosterone'
128
The Jod-Basedow effect (also Jod-Basedow syndrome and Jod-Basedow phenomenon)
- is hyperthyroidism following administration of iodine or iodide,[1] either as a dietary supplement or as contrast medium.
- This phenomenon is thus iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, typically presenting in a patient with endemic goiter (due to iodine deficiency)
- who relocate to an iodine-abundant geographical area.
- People who have Graves disease, toxic multinodular goiter, or various types of thyroid adenoma are also at risk of Jod-Basedow effect when they ingest extra iodine.
- The Jod-Basedow effect also been seen as a side effect of administration of the iodine-containing contrast agents, or amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic drug.
- iodine-induced' hyperthyroidism,' typically'presenting'in'a' patient'with'endemic' goiter'who'relocates'to'an' iodine-abundant' geographical area
129
The Bainbridge reflex,
- also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure.[1] Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors (baroreceptors) located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.
130
Wolff–Chaikoff effect
- is a reduction in thyroid hormone levels caused by ingestion of a large amount of iodine.
- inhibits organification in the thyroid gland, the formation of thyroid hormones inside the thyroid follicle, and the release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
131
countercurrent'multiplier' system'
- Vasa'recta'
132
Which'of'the'following' refers'to'the'intrinsic' ability'of'tubules'to' increase'their' reabsorption'rate'in' response'to'increased' tubular'load?'
'Glomerulotubular' Balance'
133
The'affinity'of'oxygen'for' hemoglobin'increases'in' which'of'the'following' situations?
'Hypothermia'
134
orthostatic'hypotension
A'suppressed'response' of'the'baroreceptor' mechanism'
135
Which'among'the' following'transport' mechanisms'is'limited'by' a'saturable'transport' maximal?'
Facilitated'diffusion'
136
Why'is'atrial' repolarization'not'visible' in'a'normal'ECG'tracing?'
Because'it'is'buried'in' the'concurrent'QRS' complex'
137
Oxytocin,is,produced,in,the,
magnocellular,cells,of,the, paraventricular,nuclei,
138
function'of' vasopressin'in'the' following'organ'systems?'
'Cardiovascular:' increases'peripheral' vascular'resistence' therefore'increasing' blood'pressure'
139
A'young'soccer'player' had'an'accidental' collision'with'his' opponent'during'the' game.'After'the'collision,' the'player'suddenly' dropped'down'dead'due' to'a'fatal'arrythmia.'This' condition'is'triggered'by' a'a'blunt'trauma'to'the' heart'during'the' susceptible'phase'of'the' heart.'This'MOST' COMMONLY'occurs'if'the' blunt'trauma'occurs:'
commotio,cordis,
140
An'average'individual'has' a'respiratory'rate'of'16' breaths'per'minute.'His' measured'tidat'volume'is' 500ml.'What'is'the' alveolar'ventilation'of' this'patient?'
Va,=,RR,x,(VT
141
Hypoventilation'causes' the'oxy-hemoglobin' curve'to'shift'to'the:'
Right''
142
Which'of'the'following' decreases'Cobalamin' (vitamin'b12)'in'the' body?'
Vitamin'C' Ascorbic,acid,decreases,the,absorption, of,cobalamin,
143
A'patient'with'congestive' heart'failure'with' EF
Spironolactone,
144
cerebral cortex
- plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness
145
'bilateral' lesion'in'one'of'the' structures'of'the'limbic' system
Recognizing'severe' pain'and'fear'
146
Tryptophan (IUPAC-IUBMB abbreviation: Trp or W; IUPAC abbreviation: L-Trp or D-Trp; sold for medical use as Tryptan)[2]
Serotonin (a neurotransmitter), synthesized via tryptophan hydroxylase.[10][11] Serotonin, in turn, can be converted to melatonin (a neurohormone), via N-acetyltransferase and 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities.[12]
147
Tryptophan (IUPAC-IUBMB abbreviation: Trp or W; IUPAC abbreviation: L-Trp or D-Trp; sold for medical use as Tryptan)[2]
is one of the 22 standard amino acids and an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG. Only the L-stereoisomer of tryptophan is used in structural or enzyme proteins, but the R-stereoisomer is occasionally found in naturally produced peptides (for example, the marine venom peptide contryphan).[3] The distinguishing structural characteristic of tryptophan is that it contains an indole functional group.
148
Fast'pain,'usually' described'as'sharp'and' localized,'is'carried'by' which'of'the'following?'
small,'myelinated'A-delta'fibers'
149
Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or somatropin
GH is a stress hormone that raises the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids. It also stimulates production of IGF-1.
150
Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or
Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is regulated by the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus.
These cells release the peptides Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary.
GH release in the pituitary is primarily determined by the balance of these two peptides, which in turn is affected by many physiological stimulators (e.g., exercise, nutrition, sleep) and inhibitors (e.g., free fatty acids) of GH secretion.
151
physiologic'action'of' progesterone
Stimulate'the' development'of'lobules' and'alveoli'in'the'breast'
152
Active,transport,
is,the,process,of, moving,substances,uphill,against, concentration,gradient.,,
153
The'process'of'gas' exchange'in'the'lungs'is' by''
simple'diffusion'
154
The'following'have'direct' effects'on'the'respiratory' center'in'the'medulla'
Both,CO2,and,H+,exert,their,effects,in, the,Respiratory,center,
155
substances'would'have'a' renal'clearance'of'0
glucose'
156
P' wave'corresponds'to
Atrial,depolarization,is,the, upstroke,seen,in,P,wave,associated, almost,immediately,with,mechanical, contraction,of,the,atrium
Atrial'contraction'
157
Chloride,ion
,is,the,main,extracellular, anion,
158
,organic,anions,such,as,porteins,
are,the,main,intracellular,anion.,
159
,Resting,State,
A.''''N'gates'closed;'M' gates'closed;'H'gates' open'
160
,Depolarization,
B.''''N'gates'closed;'M' gates'open;'H'gates'open'
161
Repolarization,
C.''''N'gates'open;'M'gates' open;'H'gates'closed'
162
Undershoot
D.''''N'gates'open;'M'gates' closed;'H'gates'closed'
163
A'patient'bleeding' profusely'was'rushed'to' the'ER.'A'powerful' vasoconstrictor'in' response'to'the' hemorrhage'is'being' secreted'by'what'organ?
Vasopressin, also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or argipressin, is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals.
Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels.
Vasopressin regulates the body's retention of water by acting to increase water reabsorption in the kidney's collecting ducts, the tubules which receive the very dilute urine produced by the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons.
Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the plasma membrane of collecting duct cells.
It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure.
It plays a key role in homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.
It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary.
Most of it is stored in the POSTERIOR PITUITARY to be released into the bloodstream. However, some AVP may also be released directly into the brain, and accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important role in social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress. It has a very short half-life between 16–24 minutes.
Vasopressin increases peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction) and thus increases arterial blood pressure. This effect appears small in healthy individuals; however it becomes an important compensatory mechanism for restoring blood pressure in hypovolemic shock such as that which occurs during hemorrhage.
164
Which'of'the'following' proteins'connects'myosin' to'the'Z'lines?'
Titin
165
Titin
is important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues. It connects the Z line to the M line in the sarcomere.
The protein contributes to force transmission at the Z line and resting tension in the I band region.
It limits the range of motion of the sarcomere in tension, thus contributing to the passive stiffness of muscle.
After myosin and actin, titin is the third most abundant protein in muscle and an adult human contains approximately 0.5 kg of titin.
166
Which'of'the'following' parameters'should' increase'to'decrease'the' blood'flow?'
Poiseuille's,Law,states,that,Blood,flow, is,directly,proportional,to,pressure, difference,,radius,of,the,vessel,and, inversely,proportional,to,fliud,viscosity, and,length,of,the,vessel,(determinants, of,resistance).,So,to,decrease,flow,,we, should,increase,the,determinants,of, resistance.,
167
In'the'cardiac'action' potential,'phase'2'is' predominantly'attributed' to'which'electrolyte?'
Phase,2,of,the,cardiac,action,potential, is,the,plateau,phase,,the,primary, electrolyte,responsible,for,plateauing, of,the,action,potential,is,Ca,influx, occuring,together,with,K,efflux.,K,efflux, however,,is,the,main,electrolyte, responsible,for,the,downsloping,of, phase,3.,
168
Most,electrolytes,are
filtered,and, partially,reabsorbed.,
| - MOSTLY SODIUM
169
fully,reabsorbed.,
are,Glucose,and,AA,
170
Vitamin,C,is,
secreted.,
171
is,filtered,,slightly, secreted,and,not,reabsorbed.,
Creatinine,
172
Which' mechanism'of'vascular' regulation'would'increase' renal'blood'flow'at'the' cost'of'glomerular' filtration'rate?'
Dilating,the,efferent,arteriole,would, increase,RBF,while,decreasing,GFR.,
173
ABG' results'of'pH=7.46;' PaO2=80'mmHg;' HCO3=29'mEq/L;' PaCO2=51mmHg;' SaO2=95%'are' compatible'with'what' abnormality?'
Patient,has,a,pH,of,7.46,(not,between, 7.35
174
What'is'responsible'for' normal'expiration?'
Normal,expiration,is,a,passive,process, that,is,caused,by,the,elastic,recoil, forces,of,the,lungs,and,chest,wall.,
175
A'25'year'old'woman'is' enjoying'herself'to'a' buffet,'celebrating,'after' having'passed'the'board' examination.'She'is' enjoying'herself'to'a'well8 deserved'sumptuous' meal,'which'of'the' following'GI'hormones' are'active'a'few'minutes' after'having'the'first'bite?'
Histamine,and,Gastrin,would,increase, stomach,acid,secretion.,
176
Secretin,and, cholecystokinin,
are,active,only,once, chyme,enters,the,duodenum.,
177
Motilin,is, active,only,during,
fasting
178
What'is'the'composition' of'the'pancreatic'fluid' with'regards'to'plasma?'
Na+=plasma;' K+=plasma;'HCO3->plasma;'Cl-
179
Thyroid,hormones,
bound,to,nuclear, receptors.,Thyroid,hormone,receptors, regulate,gene,expression,by,binding,to, hormone,response,elements,(HREs),in, DNA,
180
The,most,important,factor,in,the, development,of,the,female,external, genitalia,is,the,
absence,of,testosterone.,
181
The,chromosome,X,and,Y,is, responsible,for,
the,development,of,the, gonads.,
182
The,mullerian,inhibiting,factor, is,responsible,for,
development,of, internal,gentalia.,
