hindlimb

Question 1

what three bones do the pelvic girdle consist of?

Answer 1

ilium
ischium
pubis

Question 2

what is the acetabulum?

Answer 2

articular surface for the head of the femur

Question 3

The pelvic girdle articulates with the _____ dorsally and the ______ laterally.

Answer 3

sacrum
femur

Question 4

describe the femur

Answer 4

• one of strongest bones in body
• proximal end features “the head” located on medial side
• articulates with acetabular cavity of pelvic girdle

Question 5

what is on the lateral aspect of the femur?

Answer 5

greater and lesser trochanters

Question 6

on the distal end of the femur, where do the two condyles articulate with?

Answer 6

tibia and trochlea for articulation with the patella

Question 7

which species has third trochanter of the femur?

Answer 7

horse

Question 8

what is the patella?

Answer 8

• kneecap
• sesamoid bone associated with the stifle joint
• moves over trochlea on distal end of femur

Question 9

true or false: the tibia and fibula cross over like the radius and ulna

Answer 9

false

Question 10

the tibia is located ________ and is the larger of the two bones

Answer 10

medially

Question 11

the fibula is located _________

Answer 11

laterally

Question 12

describe the proximal extremity of the tibia

Answer 12

• wider
• two condyles for articulating with the distal end of the femur

Question 13

what is the cranial aspect of the tibia?

Answer 13

tibial tuberosity

Question 14

what does the distal end of the tibia present?

Answer 14

cochlea

Question 15

what is the cochlea specifically shaped to articulate with?

Answer 15

trochlea of the talus

Question 16

how is the fibula separated from the tibia?

Answer 16

interosseous space

Question 17

how many rows are the tarsal bones arranged?

Answer 17

three

Question 18

what two large bones does the proximal row of the tarsal bones contain?

Answer 18

talus
calcaneus

Question 19

what bone does the middle row of the tarsal bones consist of?

Answer 19

central tarsal bone

Question 20

how many bones does the distal row of the tarsal bones consist of?

Answer 20

four, numbered from medial to lateral

Question 21

what joint is formed between the head of the femur and acetabular cavity?

Answer 21

hip joint

Question 22

what ligament strengthens the hip joint

Answer 22

ligament of the head of the femur

Question 23

which joint is one of the most elaborate joints in the body and corresponds to the human knee joint?

Answer 23

stifle joint

Question 24

in the horse, which patellar ligament can be cut to relieve a locked patella?

Answer 24

medial patellar ligament

Question 25

how many levels of joints is the tarsal joint characterized by and because of what?

Answer 25

four because of three rows of tarsal bones

Question 26

what three muscles does the gluteus group consist of?

Answer 26

superficial, middle, deep gluteals

Question 27

where is the superficial gluteal muscle located and innervated by which nerve?

Answer 27

caudally caudal gluteal nerve

Question 28

where are the middle and deep gluteals located and innervated by which nerve?

Answer 28

cranially cranial gluteal nerve

Question 29

what muscle does the adductor group contain and innervated by which nerve?

Answer 29

gracilis pectineus adductor and external obturator obturator nerve

Question 30

what muscles do the hamstrings contain?

Answer 30

biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus

Question 31

what groups act on the stifle joint?

Answer 31

extensor and flexor group of muscles

Question 32

what is the major extensor group of the stifle joint?

Answer 32

quadriceps femoris

Question 33

what nerve is the quadriceps femoris innervated by and why is it important?

Answer 33

femoral nerve, important for bearing weight

Question 34

what group acts on the tarsal and digital joint?

Answer 34

extensors and flexors of the hock and digits

Question 35

Muscles that are located in the craniolateral region of the leg typically flex the hock, why can they also extend the digit?

Answer 35

because of flexion angle differences between the hock and digit

Question 36

list the muscles that can flex the hock and extend the digit and which nerve are they innervated by?

Answer 36

cranial tibial peroneus longus long and lateral digital extensors common peroneal nerve (branch of the sciatic nerve)

Question 37

list the muscles included in the caudal group on the leg that extend the hock and flex the digits and which nerve are they innervated by?

Answer 37

gastrocnemius superficial digital flexor deep digital flexor tibial nerve

Question 38

what is the principal artery that provides blood supply to the hind limb?

Answer 38

external iliac artery

Question 39

once the external iliac artery travels down the thigh and leg region, it branches out and the name changes to what?

Answer 39

femoral artery and cranial tibial artery

Question 40

what does the cranial tibial artery turn into and what is it responsible for?

Answer 40

dorsal pedal artery - supplies blood to distal limb

Question 41

what is the stay and reciprocal apparatus in horses?

Answer 41

ligaments and tendons of the hindlimb in the horse, provide appropriate support

Question 42

how many patellar ligaments are there in horses?

Answer 42

3

Question 43

Through a complex action of multiple muscles, these ligaments lock the patella in the ____ joint. (stay apparatus)

Answer 43

stifle

Question 44

what are the two components of the reciprocal apparatus?

Answer 44

tendons of the peroneus superficial digital flexor

Question 45

The two components of the reciprocal apparatus flex the ____ when the stifle is flexed and extend the _____ when the stifle is extended.

Answer 45

hock