respiratory system

Question 1

what does the respiratory system consist of?

Answer 1

nose
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs

Question 2

the respiratory system is critical for breathing in __ and breathing out ___

Answer 2

oxygen
carbon dioxide

Question 3

what is respiration regulated and coordinated by?

Answer 3

centers in the brain

nostrils
lungs
intercostal muscles
diaphragm
heart

Question 4

what are nares?

Answer 4

external opening through which animal inhales and exhales air

Question 5

list functions of the nose

Answer 5

• filter air
• humidify air
• modify temperature of inhaled air
• smell
• eliminate irritants and infectious agents entering nose by secreting mucus or serous secretions
• local immune response

Question 6

how is the nasal cavity divided into two halves?

Answer 6

septum

Question 7

what is the ethmoturbinate?

Answer 7

specialized turbinate that has a large number of sensory neurons for olfaction

Question 8

each half of the nasal cavity has how many turbinates?

Answer 8

3 or 4

Question 9

what are the two turbinates?

Answer 9

dorsal and ventral

Question 10

which turbinate is more elaborate?

Answer 10

ventral

Question 11

what do the turbinates divide the nasal cavity into?

Answer 11

3 meati (dorsal, middle, ventral)

Question 12

what lies under the nasal cavity?

Answer 12

hard palate

Question 13

what is the core of the hard palate made of?

Answer 13

palatine process of maxillary bone and lines by oral mucosa on the ventral aspect and nasal mucosa on dorsal aspect

Question 14

true or false: the nasal mucosa is highly vascular

Answer 14

true

Question 15

what is the purpose of cilia in the respiratory system?

Answer 15

trap particulate matter and some organisms

Question 16

what do the goblet cells do?

Answer 16

produce mucus

Question 17

what is the purpose of serous fluid secreted from the glands in the mucosa?

Answer 17

keeps nasal cavity moist and humidifies air passing through it

Question 18

which species does the nasal septum extend the whole length of the hard palate?

Answer 18

horse

Question 19

why can’t the horse vomit?

Answer 19

since the nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx directly

Question 20

if a horse does vomit, where does it expel through?

Answer 20

nostrils

Question 21

in dogs and ruminants, what is followed by the hard palate?

Answer 21

soft palate

Question 22

what facilitates cud chewing?

Answer 22

the one common opening from the nasal cavity to the pharynx

Question 23

what is cud chewing in ruminants?

Answer 23

where they regurgitate coarse food particles into the oral cavity, chew them into finer particles and swallow them once again

Question 24

what are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 24

diverticula of the nasal cavity that delve into the bones of the skull

Question 25

true or false: sinuses open into the nasal cavity only indirectly

Answer 25

false: directly and indirectly

Question 26

why can blocks in the sinuses result in congestion?

Answer 26

because the openings of the sinuses into the nasal cavity are small and narrow

Question 27

In general, most species have both ______ and ________ sinuses in each half of the skull. However, the sinuses of the two sides don’t communicate with each other.

Answer 27

frontal maxillary

Question 28

which species is the maxillary sinuses very elaborate?

Answer 28

horses

Question 29

which species is the frontal sinuses very elaborate?

Answer 29

bovine

Question 30

what does the dog have instead of a distinct maxillary sinus?

Answer 30

maxillary recess

Question 31

what are the possible functions of the sinuses?

Answer 31

- provide protection - enlarge surface area - provide resonance to voice

Question 32

what is the larynx also referred to as?

Answer 32

voice box

Question 33

what connects the pharynx to the trachea?

Answer 33

larynx

Question 34

what series of bones connects the larynx to the base of the skull?

Answer 34

hyoid apparatus

Question 35

what cartilage is the larynx composed of?

Answer 35

epiglottis arytenoid thyroid cricoid

Question 36

what is the most important function of the larynx?

Answer 36

protect lower portions of the respiratory tract from entry of food and water via muscles

Question 37

what is known as the windpipe that runs from the larynx and splits in two above the heart?

Answer 37

trachea

Question 38

what are the branches called from the trachea?

Answer 38

bronchi

Question 39

what forms the fibrocartilagneous part of the trachea that are cartilagneous and incomplete to facilitate expansion?

Answer 39

trahceal rings

Question 40

what smooth muscle are the ends of the tracheal rings connected by?

Answer 40

trachealis muscle

Question 41

what is the innermost layer of trachea lined by?

Answer 41

mucous membrane

Question 42

what are the smaller branches of bronchi?

Answer 42

bronchioles

Question 43

where do the bronchioles terminate at?

Answer 43

alveolar duct

Question 44

where does air exchange take place?

Answer 44

alveolar duct

Question 45

what are the specialized cells of the alveoli?

Answer 45

pneumocytes

Question 46

true or false: the alveoli are lined by a thin epithelium and have lots of capillaries to facilitate air exchange

Answer 46

true

Question 47

which lung is larger?

Answer 47

right

Question 48

what lobes are the left lobe of the dog divided into?

Answer 48

cranial middle caudal

Question 49

what additional lobe does the right lung have?

Answer 49

accessory

Question 50

what serous membrane is the lungs lined by?

Answer 50

pleura

Question 51

what is the pleura that directly lines the lungs?

Answer 51

visceral/pulmonary

Question 52

what is the pleura that lines the diaphragm or ribs?

Answer 52

diaphragmatic/costal pleura

Question 53

As the animal inhales air, it gets humidified and warmed by the nostrils. list the pathway air follows from here.

Answer 53

pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveolar duct alveoli

Question 54

Oxygen gets transferred to the blood and ___ from the blood gets transferred to the air in the ______.

Answer 54

CO2 alveoli

Question 55

true or false: air passes out the same way it came in and gets exhaled

Answer 55

true

Question 56

which vessel brings in unoxygenated blood to the lungs and gets it oxygenated?

Answer 56

pulmonary artery

Question 57

which vessel does oxygenated blood travel through to reach the heart when it gets pumped to the rest of the body

Answer 57

pulmonary vein

Question 58

what happens if respiration stops?

Answer 58

the brain and other tissues will lose oxygen supply and the heart will eventually stop pumping