- carry blood from heart to other organs and tissue - are elastic in nature, relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure

midterm Flashcards by Havanna Ramsdell

sagittal plane

left and right hemispheres (parallel to ground)

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frontal plane

dorsal and ventral sections

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transverse plane

perpendicular to long axis and divides into cranial and caudal

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diastema

space between canines and premolars

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three components of connective tissue

fibers
ground substance
cells

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what are the three types of fiber?

collagenous, elastic, reticular

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describe collagenous fiber

most abundant
consists of protein collagen (tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone)
helps tissue bind

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describe elastic fiber

consists of elastin (extracellular matrix
facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries and lungs

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describe reticular fiber

contains protein reticulum
provides scaffolding for other cells in structures such as liver and lymphoid organs

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what is ground substance and give an example

consists of formless matrix and has large carbohydrates and complexes containing protein and carbohydrates
ex. glycosaminoglycans

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name the two types of cells in terms of connective tissue and provide and example

stationary
ex. fibroblasts and adipocytes
migrating
ex. mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes

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describe loose connective tissue and provide examples

most common
supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue
ex. arelor and fascia

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describe dense connective tissue and provide an example

bundles of collagen and fibroblasts
substance divides into dense regular and dense irregular
ex. tendons and ligaments

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list examples of specialized connective tissue

bone, blood, cartilage

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what are other three support tissue that are not connective tissue?

epithelial
nervous
muscle tissue

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what do arteries do

carry blood from heart to other organs and tissue
are elastic in nature, relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure

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what are veins

carry blood to the heart
same three layers as arteries but thinner
capacity to dilate to accommodate an increase in blood volume

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what are capillaries?

act as bridge between arteries and vein

thin walls allow for nutrients like oxygen to pass from blood to tissue as well as substances from tissue back into circulation

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describe the pathway of blood from the heart back to the heart

Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Heart

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Neuronal aggregations (aggregations of cell bodies) in the brain are referred to
as

nuclei

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aggregations of cell bodies in the peripheral nerves are
referred to as

ganglia

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astrocytes

Assist with blood-brain barrier maintenance, metabolism, ion regulation, and injury repair

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oligodendrocytes

Produces myelin sheath in the CNS

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microglia

Very important immune function in the CNS

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true or false: The diencephalon consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

true

where are sensory neurons (cell bodies) for the spinal cord located?

dorsal root ganglion

Which nerves are responsible for olfaction, vision, and hearing respectively?

olfactory (I) optic (II) vestibulocochlear (VIII)

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

- largest sensory nerve among the cranial nerves - provides motor innervation to muscles of mandibular origin - 3 divisions: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular - mandibular nerve exits through the oval foramen of the skull - ophthalmic and maxillary divisions exit through the orbital fissure and round foramen of the skull

facial nerve (CN VII)

- originates from the brain stem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen - parasympathetic component - somatic component of this nerve provides innervation to muscles of facial expression

vagus nerve (CN X)

- contains visceral afferent, parasympathetic and somatic efferent (motor) fibers - provides parasympathetic innervation to visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominal area - Most of the fibers in vagus provide afferent information from the viscera to the brain - small motor component is responsible for providing innervation to the laryngeal muscles

describe the somatic NS

- Nerves go to skeletal muscle - Regulate both voluntary and involuntary (reflex) functions - Has only one neuron between CNS and target tissue - Exclusively causes excitation of the target tissue

describe visceral NS

- Causes either excitation OR inhibition of the target tissue - Nerves go to visceral muscle (smooth and cardiac) and glandular epithelium - Regulates only involuntary (reflex) functions - Has two neurons between CNS and target tissue

describe the parasympathetic system

- Has long preganglionic fibers - Has short postganglionic fibers - Originates from the brain and sacral segments of spinal cord - Lowers heart rate, promotes digestion, and promotes urination

describe the sympathetic system

- Has long postganglionic fibers - Has short preganglionic fibers - Originates from thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord - Increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, inhibits urination

which cranial nerves have parasympathetic components?

CN III, VII, IX, and X

what are fibrous joints also called and where are they present?

present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”

what are the two cartilaginous joints and give examples?

temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column).

what are synovial joints?

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space

synsarcosis

‘joint’ (not a true joint) formed between a bone and the body through muscles

greater and lesser tubercle is separated by

intertubercular groove

how many digits do cattle have?

what articulates the proximal end of the humerus with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?

glenoid cavity

what is present on the distal end of the humerus?

articular condyle

what is present on the distal end of the radius?

medial styloid process

what is present on the distal end of the ulna?

lateral styloid process

what is the characteristic feature of the ulna that is located proximally and is palpable as the point of the elbow?

olecranon process

how many rows of metacarpals do carnivores have?

how many digits does the horse have and what does it correspond to in humans?

one middle finger

list the the forelimb joints of the horse proximal to distal

fetlock pastern coffin

The muscles of the forelimb are innervated by the nerves which arise from the

brachial plexus

list the shoulder stabilizers

infraspinatus supraspinatus teres minor

list the shoulder flexors

deltoid teres major

what nerve innervates the caudal shoulder group?

axillary nerve

what nerve innervates the medial and lateral shoulder group?

suprascapular nerve

list the elbow extensors

triceps anconeus tensor fasciae antebrachii

what nerve are the elbow extensors innervated by?

radial nerve

list the elbow flexors

biceps brachii brachialis

what nerve innervates the elbow flexors

musculocutaneous nerve

list the extensors of the carpus and digits

extensor carpi radialis common and lateral digital extensor

what nerve are the carpal and digital extensor innervated by?

radial

what muscle is complex and does not conform to extension?

extensor carpi ulnaris/ulnaris lateralis

list the flexors of the carpus and digits

flexor carpi ulnaris flexor carpi radialis superficial and deep digital flexor

what nerve are the carpal and digital flexors innervated by?

median and ulnar nerve

what muscles provide support to the metacarpophalangeal joints

interosseous muscles

list the pathway of arteries supplying blood flow to the distal end of the front foot?

Axillary -> brachial -> median

list the pathway of veins from distal to proximal end of the foot

cephalic -> axillary -> subclavian and cranial vena cava

list the structures that provide support to the stay apparatus

- internal tendon of the biceps - long tendon of the biceps (lacertus fibrosus) - suspensory apparatus - ligaments and distal ends of superficial and deep digital flexors tendons

what is the articular surface for head of the femur from the pelvic girdle?

acetabulum

how many rows of tarsal bones are there?

which bone presents a cochlea?

tibia

what does the proximal row of tarsals consist of?

calcaneus talus

how many bones does the distal row of tarsals have?

which joint is further strengthened by attachment of a ligament that extends from the head of the femur to the acetabulum?

ligament of the head of the femur

how many levels of joints does tarsal joint have?

list the gluteal group

superficial middle deep

list the adductor group

gracilis pectineus adductor/external obturator

what nerve innervates the adductor group?

obturator nerve

list the hamstring group

biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus

what is the major extensor of the stifle joint?

quadriceps femoris

what is the quadriceps femoris innervated by?

femoral nerve

what is the femoral nerve important for?

bearing weight

what muscles are craniolateral region that flex the hock and extend the digit

cranial tibial peroneus longus long and lateral digital extensors

what nerve innervates the craniolateral region?

common peroneal nerve

list the caudal group that extend the hock and flex the digits

gastrocnemius superficial/deep digital flexor

what nerve innervates the caudal group of the hindlimb

tibial nerve

list the vessels of the hindlimb cranial to caudal

external iliac artery femoral artery cranial tibial artery dorsal pedal artery

two components of the reciprocal apparatus

- tendons of the peroneus tertius - superficial digital flexor

What is the overall function of the reciprocal apparatus of the hindlimb in the horse?

Flex the hock when the stifle is flexed and extend the hock when the stifle is extended

what do the three ligaments of the patella of horses for the stay/reciprocal apparatus?

lock the patella in the stifle joint