Hist 202 Exam 2 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Ming Emperor Chengzu (Yongle) relocated capital from Nanjing
A
Beijing
2
Q
Purpose of Great Wall
A
Mongol threat
3
Q
Founders of Qing Dynasty
A
Manchus
4
Q
Group of people that hired mercenaries during Japanese civil war
A
Merchants
5
Q
Tokugawa Ieyasu’s control of feudal lords, similar policy of Louis XIV of France
A
Forced periodical stay in capital
6
Q
Japanese merchant status
A
Wealth, no political power
7
Q
Japan’s trade relations 16th-18th centuries
A
Japan’s trade relations with Europe became more limited / restrictive.
8
Q
Capital during Japanese rule of the Ashikaga Shogunate
A
Kyoto
9
Q
Childhood of Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming Dynasty founder
A
Penniless orphan
10
Q
Main food supply of China
A
Rice
11
Q
One of the results of the increase in population and urbanization during the 18th century
A
Inflation grew, making food and rent more difficult to afford for urban people
12
Q
What the Seven Years’ war forced Britain and France to do
A
Raise taxes
13
Q
What Britain used to assist efforts in the American revolution
A
German mercenaries
14
Q
Estates General
A
French legislative assembly
15
Q
Contributor to France’s economic crisis of 1789
A
Poor harvest
16
Q
Reason for European kings’ initial welcoming of the French Revolution
A
A weaker competing power, France
17
Q
Two fundamental principles of the Napoleonic Code
A
Legal equality of all male citizens, and absolute protection of wealth/property
18
Q
Revolters on the island of Saint-Domingue in Aug 1791
A
Slaves
19
Q
Relationship between the Creoles and the Latin American peninsulares of the late 18th and early 19th centuries
A
Creoles resented economic and political dominance of the peninsulares
20
Q
Country that protected the dynasty of a European royal family
A
Brazil
21
Q
One reason industrialization began in Britain first
A
Policies of the British government
22
Q
One major limitation of the putting-out system in the British textile industry
A
There were not enough spinners to meet demand
23
Q
Invention of Edmund Cartwright in 1785
A
Power loom
24
Q
18th century product of which coal was an essential ingredient in the manufacture.
A
Iron
25
Iron law of wages theory by David Ricardo
Population growth pressure prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels
26
Payers for building railroads on continental Europe
Governments
27
Factory act of 1833
System of full-time factory inspectors
28
Change of leading industrialists in 1830 Britain and 1860 Germany and France
More likely to have inherited their businesses
29
Term used by Karl Marx to describe one becoming aware of belonging to a particular social class
Class-consciousness
30
Group of people who smashed new machines responsible for putting them out of work
Luddites
31
Ideas that united the victorious allies at the Congress of Vienna
Motivated by traditional ideas about the balance of power
32
Doctrine of Economic Liberalism that emphasizes unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference
Laissez faire
33
Ultimate source for good government according to liberals and democrats
The people
34
A primary cause of the 1848 French Revolution
French government refused to consider electoral reforms.
35
Country that sent troops to occupy Hungary to help Austria subdue it in 1849
Russia
36
Pushed Russia towards modernization
Crimean War
37
Importance of Georges Haussmann
Lead massive rebuilding projects in Paris
38
White collar employees group at the end of 19th century
Middle class
39
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection reinforcement
Views of secularists such as Spencer and Marx
40
Advocation of journalist Theodor Herzl
Creation of a Jewish state
41
Civil service examinations (Confucian)
Competitive written tests at the prefecture, province, and capital levels in China to select men to become officials.
42
Ming Dynasty (the good, the bad, architecture)
1368-1644 - Period of vibrant urban culture, peace, prosperity, and increased education.
Beginning of 17th century showed problems of the fiscal, military, and political nature (Eunuch establishment, emperor had too much power, mercenary army of non-Chinese northerners, fear used by government to keep officials in line (terror execution).
Creation of Great Wall to protect against the Mongols, great canal built for transportation of goods.
43
Qing Dynasty
1644-1911, founded by Manchus.
44
The Tokugawa Peace
Leyasu was Shogunate until 1867.
Era = the Edo period (names after locaction of city = Tokyo). Population growth, segregation, limited contact with outside world. Peace = steady population rise to 30mil by 1800. Merchants had power. Kyoto = center for making luxury goods. Osaka = chief market (rice). Pleasure sought after by men in forms of entertainment. Difficult for man to divorce wife.
45
Daimyo
Japan's regional lords, mainly self-made. Lifestyles paid for by raising taxes on peasants, led to protests.
46
Banners
Manchu army units (soldiers, their families, slaves)
47
Alternate residence system
Leyasu (Tokugawa leader) required presence of local lords annually to present uprising, families of lords stayed behind.
48
Christian Evangelical approaches to Asia
Xavier: Focused on poor, success in Japan
Ricci: Focused on rich, believed Confucianism was compatible with Christianity
49
The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Desired to end civil strife and create unity to consolidate his rule. Perceived himself as a man of destiny, glory of war and universal empire proved irresistible. Grand Empire = ruled by Napoleon and allies, including all of Europe except Great Britain.
Downfall: Not enough butter spread over too much bread, # of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
50
Spanish and Portuguese colonial independence from Europe
How: Saint Domingue revolution + independence of Haiti in 1804 convinced Creole elites (mostly slaveholders) of the dangers of slave revolt / racial welfare
Why: Tax reforms, political conflicts, slavery throughout Latin-American, racial/ethnic division.
51
Treaty of Paris
1763 peace treaty to end Seven Years War, giving French territory in NA and India to Britain, and Louisiana to Spain
52
Napoleonic Code
French civil code made in 1804 to reassert the 1789 principles of equality for all male citizens and security of wealth + private property.
53
Continental System
Blockade by Napoleon: no British Ships could dock at French ports.
54
Creoles
Those of European descent born in the Americas.
55
Peninsulares
Natives of Spain/Portugal
56
Girondists
Moderate group that sought control for French National Convention in 1793
57
Sans-culottes
Laboring poor of Paris, wore trousers instead of the wealthy knee breeches. Term eventally came to refer to city militant radicals.
58
Inequality in European society
Issues with divine right of kings, those who have and those who have not.
59
Constitutional Nationalism
Sense of nationhood based on rule of law and rights of citizens (Haiti, France, United States)
60
Ideas from Locke and Montesquieu that fueled revolutions
Locke - natural rights
| Montesquieu - separation of powers
61
Battle of Quebec
USA'a first big loss to Britain, contention between colonies and homelands.
62
Why industrial revolution began in Britain
1) Most stable government
2) Access to water + free trade policy
3) Natural resources (coal + Iron)
4) Higher wages
5) Viable banking system
6) Technological advances (led to better transport, led to more advances)
7) Labor supply (slavery)
63
How did people respond to changes to new structure and social classes due to the industrial revolution
Early industrialists drew upon fam + friends for labor + capital.
Class consciousness = becoming aware that you belong to a particular social class (marx).
Bigger gap of Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
Cities began to have sprawl as people began to move their for the work factories provided.
64
Crystal Palace
Architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron of the Great Exhibition in London
65
Luddites
Workers who smashed new machines after believing they had been put out of work by them. Began occuring in 1811 northern England and after.
66
Spinning jenny
Hand-powered spinning machine by Hargreaves. Simple, inexpensive.
67
Steam engines
Burns coal to produce steam to operate pump. Breakthroughs by Savery (1698), Newcomen (1705), and Watt (1769)
68
Tariff protection
High taxes on imported goods from other countries for the government to support and aid its own economy. Ex: French responded to flood of cheaper British goods by taxing some of them.
69
Rocket
Stephenson's effective locomotive, first tested in 1829 on Liverpool and Manchester Railway, reached 35 mph.
70
Iron law of wages
Theory by English economist Ricardo that population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence level.
71
Causes of Industrial revolution
1) Scientific revolution + enlightenment
2) Europe's dominating role in global economy
3) Demand for good
72
Keystone industries
Iron and steel, lead to better transportation (canals and railways) and factories.
73
Neocolonialism
Using political, financial, and other pressures to control other countries, especially previous dependents.
74
Italy's transformation under strong leaders and nation building
Reorganized at 1815 congress of Vienna, having a parliament monarchy under Victor Emmanuel.
75
Russia's transformation under strong leaders and nation building
Efforts towards modernization were more economical than political. Railroad construction subsidized by the government in 1880 allowed agricultural Russia to export grain to invest more capital in industrialization.
76
Germany's transformation under strong leaders and nation building
Industry growing rapidly within Zollverein, or their customs union. Sense of nationalism came from franco-prussian war.
77
Radial ideas that followed after Congress of Vienna
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Socialism emerged in France. Marx published communist manifesto that guided socialism.
Clear split of middle and working classes, Marx believed that class exploitation was occurring at an even higher level due to industrialization.
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78
Congress of Vienna
Quadruple alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain) made lasting peace agreement that produced 50 years without major war in Europe, which sought to restore order and limit spread of revolutionary ideas.
79
Conservatism
Retainment of traditional values and institutions (hereditary monarchy + strong landowning aristocracy).
80
Liberalism
Liberty + equality, representative government needed with equality before the law.
81
Socialism
Radical idea that ethic groups had their own spirit + cultural unity, manifested in common language, history, and territory.
82
Romanticism
Emotional exuberance, imagination, spontaneity in art + personal life. Explored love, desire, hatred, guilt despair, nature, human potential (redemption), God is a real personal being.
Political and societal thought mixed with culture and artistic life.
83
Dreyfus affair
Case that split France apart: Jewish captain in army was falsely accused and convicted of treason. One side made false evidence against him, other side had radical civil libertarians and republicans.
84
Zionism
Jewish political nationalism
85
Klemens v. Napoleon - impact on 19th century peace and prosperity in Europe.
Klemens - Austria foreign minister. Policies dominated German confederation, purged any subversive ideas. Hated liberalism, defended class privileges.
Napoleon - Sought peace through rule of all of Europe.
86
Hungarian Revolution
Cause: Demand for nation autonomy and full civil liberties.
Failture: Habsburgs abolished serfdom and peasants lost interest.
87
Austro-Prussian war
Prussia won when Bismark instigated to expel Austrians from Prussian politics.
88
Urban breakthroughs - Pasteur
Germ thoery, heat liquid to clean (pasteurization), reduced disease and saved millions.
89
Suffrage victories
Woman can vote in 1913, Norway initiated it, politicians took a more responsible approach.
