Histology 1 Flashcards
(163 cards)
0
Q
eosin
A
acidophilic, -, stains protein
1
Q
hemotoxylin
A
stains nuclei. +, basophilic, DNA & RNA
2
Q
H&E
A
hemotoxylin/eosin stain
3
Q
silver
A
stains black. MTs, reticulum (as in spinal cord)
4
Q
Van Gieson
A
Stains elastic fibers, as in aortic wall
5
Q
PAS
A
stains carbs, GAGs, proteoglycans (apical brush border, mucin-containing cells)
6
Q
trichrome
A
stains collagen blue, muscle red
7
Q
india ink
A
paint tumor, see if malignant cells are on the exterior (margins)
8
Q
iron hematoxylin
A
stains mitochondria
9
Q
Ab: cytokeratins
A
IF, epithelial tumors
10
Q
Ab: vimentin
A
IF: connective tissue tumors
11
Q
Ab: desmin
A
IF: muscle cell tumors
12
Q
Ab: glial fibrillary proteins
A
IF: glial cells
13
Q
Why is Ab to IF proteins useful?
A
Different IFs are present in different cells
14
Q
AAb to cell surface markers
A
lymphocytes, cell surface receptors
15
Q
Her-2/neu
A
cell surface receptor found on breast cancer cells
16
Q
Ab to nucleus markers
A
steroid receptors
17
Q
PCNA + Ki67
A
nucleic marker on cells about to divide
18
Q
Ab to cell specific proteins
A
differentiated cell products like hormones
19
Q
Ab to what detects thyroid medullary cancer?
A
calcitonin
20
Q
EM is useful for what?
A
kidney, uptake of radioactive tracers, organelles
21
Q
freezing sections
A
useful in surgery (malignancy, margins), no change in lipid content
22
Q
fixation
A
formalin aldehyde crosslinks proteins, no change in lipid content
23
Q
fixation in parafin
A
tissue dehydrated in ethanol: no lipid
24
fixation for EM
glutaraldehyde, osmium tetraoxide, the embed in EPON plastic
25
apical addresses
from golgi: GpI linkage to lipid raft made of cholesterol and glycolipids
26
GpI recognition site
30 AA stretch, dominant signalling
27
apical proteins from basal-lateral side
pulse-trace shows that this occurs. mechanism unknown
28
VAC
vacuolar apical compartment. proteins are delivered to a pre-apical compartment vesicle for fast transport to apical surface
29
basolateral addresses
membrane proteins with cytoplasmic beta-turns that signal for basolateral placement
30
hydrophobic-X-X-tyrosine
signal for b/l placement. sticks out of golgi, is bound by APs.
31
APs in basolateral addressing
mu subunit binds h-X-X-tyrosine, beta binds clathrin to form vesicle
32
exocyst
ten protein complex, anchors b/l addressed visicle for V to T-snare apposition and fusion
33
selective retention
cell kissing creates homotypic plaques (TJs with claudin and occludin)
34
PIGR
example of selective destruction: IgG receptor, basal side membrane proteins. Binds lymphocytes used in mucosal immunity, takes them to cell surface, where PIGR is cleaved.
35
Pars
proteins that regulate basal/apic distribution. Conserved. (See diagram, H synopsis 2)
36
Zonab
with cyclin, carrier proteins in tight junction. respond to wounds by releasing cyclin to nucleus, signal cell proliferation
37
beta-catenin
reserved in adhesion junctions. accumulation in cytoplasm turns on 1000 genes
38
APC
degrades beta catenin in cytoplasm, unless inhibited by Wnt signalling
39
fibroblasts
Cells that make gels and collagens
40
fibrocytes
fibroblasts embedded in collagen fibers. thin, little cytoplasm
41
chondroblasts
make ground substances (cartilage)
42
chondrocytes
chondroblasts embedded in cartilage
43
osteoblasts
make ground substances and collagen. on bone surface
44
osteocytes
embedded in ground substances (bone?)
45
-blast cells
have euchromatin nuclei, lots of ER
46
smooth muscle cells
in walls of great vessels, synthasize elastin, locate in lamella of elastin
47
myoepithelial cells
contractile smooth muscle cells, surround duct systems
48
T-lymphocytes
WBCs, many types, including natural killer cells
49
Natural Killer cells
recognize proteins and perform as helperTs and cytotoxic Ts.
50
macrophages
engulf and digest debris and pathogens
51
adipocytes
signet ring, on elipid droplet, energy storage and endocrine signalling.
52
cell matrix
sulfated and non-sulfated GAGs, proteoglycans. associated with water and NaCl to resist comprssion, deliver force
53
collagen fibers
triple alpha helix (glycine-X-X-glycine-X-X) post translational hydroxylation of proline and lysine makes interchain H bonds
54
Post-translational hydroxylation of proline and lysine requires
vitamin c! or scurvy. collagen defects
55
lysyl oxidase
extracellular, cross-links collagen triple helices to form fibrils
56
types of collagen fibers
42 possible, 40 known. skin/tendon/bone, cartilage, basal lamina.
57
elastin
crosslinked and coiled. elasticity limited by fibrillin
58
areolar loose connective tissue
Irregular loose CT, as in skin, mucous membrane
matrix gel materials (GAGs, proteoglycans)
abundant water and nutrients, not many fibers
59
hormone stimulated lipase
epi/NORepi -> fat cell beta adrenergic receptors -> alpha G -> cAMP -> protein kinase A -> perilipin
60
perilipin
disinhibits hormone stimulated lipase. triglycerides are split to fatty acids
61
insulin blocks lipase how?
increasing phospodiesterase, which degrades cAMP and inhibits perilipin
62
leptin
released from adipocytes, regulates hunger and food metabolism
63
Ob-Rb
receptor for leptin, found in the brain
64
brown fat cells produce heat how?
conductive channel degrades H+ gradient, generating heat rather than ATP. (Needs huge O2 supply to dispose of electrons)
65
mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue, few fibers, loosely attached mesenchymic-type cells
66
hyaluronic acid
dominant GAG in mesenchyme
67
wharton's jelly
mucus surrounding umbilical cord
68
dense connective tissue
fiber dominant, cell poor. tensile strength, no compressive resistance, but tensile resistance (resists pulling apart)
69
regularly arranged dense connective tissue
directional tensile strength (tendons, kidney capsule, ligaments), very eosinophlic (lots of extacellular filaments)
70
tendons
muscle to bone
71
ligaments
bone to bone
72
irregular dense connective tissue
tensile strength in any direction. dense collagen, elastin, fibrillin.
73
Marfan syndrome
defects in fibrillin I
74
ground substance
amorphous extracellular matrix
75
4 types of connective tissue
CT proper, cartilage, bone & dentin, blood and lymph
76
reticular connective tissue
supporting framework for spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, glands, striated muscle. COLLAGEN III!
77
dense irregular connective tissue: two types
collegenous
| elastic
78
collagenous dense irregular connective tissue
dermis, capsule of spleen, prostate gland
79
elastic dense irregular connective tissue
elastic membrane of large arteries
80
dense regular connective tissue: 2 types
collagenous and elastic
81
collagenous dense regular connective tissue
tendons, ligaments, cornea
82
elastic dense regular connective tissue
elastic ligaments (nuchal flavate, interspinate) true vocal chords
83
loose connective tissue in colon
called lamina propria.
| between epithelium and muscularis mucosae
84
subcutaneous connective tissue
largely adipose
85
mast cell
rich in histamine and heparin
role in allergy and anaphylaxis
resembles a basophil
86
are reticular fibers distiguishable in H&E?
nope.
87
3 types of adult cartilage
hyaline (trachea)
elastic (external ear)
fibrocartilage (transitional, where tensile strength is needed: TMJ, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)
88
hyaline in trachea
the incomplete ring
89
Wiegart's stain
stains elastin particularly (black)
90
elastic cartilage
outer ear, eustachian tube (nose->middle ear) and epiglottis (flap at larynx entrance
91
interstitial lamellae
partially reabsorbed haversian systems visible in bone as remnants
92
periosteum
dense cortical bone on surface, spongy bone centrally.
93
trabeculae
partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue
94
bone lining cells
retired osteoblasts, talk to osteocytes, determine new bone
95
cartilage
resists compressions, 50% fibrous matrix, collagen II, IX, XI, some elastin
96
Collagen roles in cartilage:
___ is intercalated between fibrils of ____.
Collagen XI between fibrils of collagen II
97
Which collagen type terminates fibril formation?
IX. lies on surface and prevents microfibril from forming thicker fibrils.
98
cartilage ground substance
aggregan (hyaluronic acid monomers in mass) along a a core protein decorated with GAGs (chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate)
99
how do aggregans in collagen resist compression?
with (-) electrostatic repulsion. charges hold water in feathered domains.
100
chondrocytes
outside cartilage, in lacunal spaces of extracellular matrix. communicate with eachother through matrix
101
resistance in bone
tensile (not compressive) loading. 99.6% fibrils, .4% ground substance
102
hydroxyapatite
mineral that stiffens bone by nucleating in holes between fibrils of collagen.
103
fibrils
mostly collagen I, some collagen V. heterotypic fibrils, collagen V allows collagen I polymerization
104
canaliculi
processes of osteocytes. extend to neighbors via gap junctions, interact with matrix
105
SOX9/RunXI
expression causes mesenchyme condensation
106
BMP2,4,7 then runX2 + osterix
activates osteocalcin, drives bone formation in areas of high oxygen and some tensile stress.
107
Indian hedgehog and FGF
activate Sox9,5,6 to drive progenitor cells to chondrocytes in areas of low oxygen and intermittent compression
108
hyaline cartilage
starts all growth of cartilage and bone. lacunae w/surrounding ground substances.
109
hyaline cartilage, appositional growth
lay down matrix within perichondrium/periosteum (fibrous envelope)
110
hyaline cartilage, interstitial growth
only in cartilage, from a nest of isogenous cells
111
hypertrophic chondrocytes
hyaline cartilage blocks under mechanical stress. Secrete VEGF and attract blood vessels
112
type X collagen
secreted by hypertrophic chondrocytes, prepares surrounding matrix (north and south) for mineralization
113
diaphysis
bone collar mid-shaft where hypertrophic chondrocytes first formed
114
growth plate
proliferative zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes at diaphysis. stem cells enter, make IHH to stimulate proliferation.
115
appositional growth in surface periosteum
also signalled by IHH, but releases PTHrP
116
PTHrP
parathyroid-like hormone, inhibits ossification/maturation of bone
117
Endochondrial ossification conversion ends when?
When hypertrophic bone deposits collagen X
118
anatomical mature bone types
compact bone in shafts
| cancellous (trabecular, web) in heads
119
histological bone types
woven and lamellar
120
woven bone
prenatal.
| random collagen and canaliculi, osteoblasts outside, removed during maturation
121
lamellar bone
sheets of bone stacked like plywood. canaliculi have same orientation.
122
haversian canal
osteon with blood vessel in center. surrounded by concentric lamellar structures
123
lamellar bone in cancellar bone
no central canal, stacked like plywood
124
osteoid
unmineralized material osteoblast lay down. become bone lining cells or midbone osteocytes. this growth triggers growth on the outside of the bone
125
how do osteolytic processes sense stress?
via integrins and stress activated Ca channels
126
sclerostin
blocks Wnt signalling. amount of sclerostin inversely related to pressure loading.
127
Wnt signalling
stimulates osteoblast proliferation
128
RANK
in osteoclasts. a receptor for RANKL from osteoblasts
129
RANKL
signals osteoclasts to mature, begin to dissolve bone.
130
H+ATPase
from osteoclasts, dissolves hydroxyapatite
131
activated TGF beta
released by bone degradation by osteoclasts: stimulates new bone formation
132
cement line
discontinuity of old and new bone produced by osteoclasts
133
osteoclasts are active where?
on surface of bone, and
| in center of osteon, where bone vessels lie.
134
OPG
soluble inhibitor of RANKL made by osteoblasts. limits osteoclast maturation
135
in contraction, I bands
get smaller
136
in contraction, H bands
disappear as two bands approach eachother
137
in contraction, A bands
remain invariant
138
alpha actin and Cap 2
insert (+) end of actin into Z disc
139
nebulin
controls length of actin filament
| 35 repeating AAs, wrap filament end to end
140
tropomodulin
caps actin to keep monomers from dissociating
141
myosin
two heavy chains, four light.
| centrally in H zone, heads in actin zone
142
titan
anchors myosin into Z disk to maintain alignment
| like cap Z to actin?
143
depolarization of T-tubes
forces conformational changes in ryanodine receptors, releases Ca
144
Troponin C/I/T
bind Ca to start contraction cycle
145
troponin I
binds actin, inhibits actin's bind to myosin
146
troponin T
binds tropomyosin
147
troponin C
swivels complex where Ca is bound, causes tropomyosin to move in actin groove
thusly, opens myosin binding site
148
contraction cycle
review the contraction cycle!
149
tetanus
continuous high frequency stimulation of muscle. continuous crossbridges, high force.
150
calsequestrin & calreticulin
bind Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum
151
intercalated discs
fascia adherens, desmosomes, + gap junctions between cardiac cells.
152
are cardiac muscle signals mechanically coupled?
nope. just L-type Ca channels in t-tubes, no ryanodine receptors.
153
multiunit smooth muscle
1:1 nerve to cell. temporally precise
154
unitary smooth muscle
most smooth muscle. has gap junctions, less innervation. slow, wide-spread contractions
155
phospholipase C
activates IP3, which opens Ca channels without an action potential
156
tropomyosin in smooth muscle?
no. Ca binds to calmodulin (CaM)
157
Ca-CaM complex
binds and activates myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)
158
MLCK
myosin light-chain kinase, phosphorylates calponin & caldesmon ( which otherwise inhibit myosin-actin) & myosin II light chain, contracts smooth muscle.
159
terminating smooth muscle contraction
dephosphorylate myosin light chain
160
crossbridges in skeletal muscle
preformed in cytosol, waiting for relief of rigor
161
cross-bridges in smooth muscle
myosin-acctin pulls on dense bodies, flattening and contracting
not directional
162
myoepithelial cells
branched cells made from epithelia, under hormonal regulation for contraction. found in excretory glands
