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MM: Histology > Histology 2 > Flashcards

Histology 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

arachnoid matter

A

loose areolar connective tissue

lubricated with cranial spinal fluid

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1
Q

dura mater

A

outer cord coat
adherent to bone
dense fibrous irregularly arranged connective tissue

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2
Q

arachnoid grnaulation

A

buds out of arachnoid matter and reaches spaces in the dura.

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3
Q

pia mater

A

inner coat at brain interface

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4
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid, produced by ependymal epithelial cells or brain ventricles

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5
Q

ependymal cells

A

few tight junctions fluid pressure drives CSF to brain across arachnoid grnaulations

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6
Q

CSF from brain ventricles

A

Through tight junctions, fluid made by capillary filtration

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7
Q

connective tissue in brain

A

there isn’t any! just astrocytes (star shaped glial cells)

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8
Q

nissl bodies

A

granulars of RER with rosettes of free ribosomes found in cell bodies of neurons. (some in dendrites)
stains blue.

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9
Q

axons don’t contain

A

ribosomes, much ER or RNA

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10
Q

transport from body to axon

A

microtubules and kynesin (toward +)

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11
Q

transport from axon to body

A

microtubules and dynein (toward -)

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12
Q

Tau

A

links MT bundles in axon

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13
Q

Map 2

A

links MT bundles in dendrites

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14
Q

tubulin type in neurons

A

beta 3 tubulin

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15
Q

initial segment

A

axon region closes to cell body: where APs start

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16
Q

glial fibrillary acid protein

A

composes IF filaments in astrocytes

tensile strength

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17
Q

collagen in brain

A

there isn’t any!

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18
Q

microglia

A

main CNS immune system

macrophages from bone marrow

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19
Q

oligodendroglia

A

cells that insulate axons in the brain.

each can insulate more than one

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20
Q

schwann cells

A

mylinate axons. each cell can insulate just one axon

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21
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

open spaces in axon between mylination. where Ca channels open to perpetuate an AP

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22
Q

SAME DAVE

A

sensory afferent, motor efferent
dorsal afferent, ventral efferent

(therefore: sensory dorsal, motor ventral)

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23
Q

latency period due to

A

Na channel inactivation, K channels open

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24
hyperpolarization
due to open voltage-gated K channels
25
proteolipid protein
holds together layers of the myelin sheath. very hydrophobic
26
schmidt-lanterman lines
small amounts of schwann cell cytoplasm | subdivide myelinated axon into irregular portions
27
electrical gap junctions
made of connexons, no synaptic delay. | e.g: brainstem neurons that control breathing
28
fusion of synaptic vesicles signaled by
Ca current signaled by AP
29
small molecule transmitters are made
in synaptic terminal | 40-60 nm
30
peptide vesicles are made
in the golgi (cell body) | 120-250 nm
31
synapsin
tethers vesicles to actin near active site
32
Ca triggers fusion how?
Ca-Calmodulin activates v-snares to interact w/ syntaxin
33
synaptobrevin
type of v-snare in synapse. interact w/syntaxin
34
acetyl choline is made
in the bouton! (end of axon)
35
vesicles are recycled by
clathrin coat and dynamin pinch-off
36
botulism toxin
a protease, cleaves snare proteins, inhibits vesicle fusion
37
acetyl choline esterase
degrades released Ach in the synapse
38
ionotropic receptors
ligand gated, nicotinic achR, fast
39
metabotropic receptors
g-protein coupled, muscarinic AchR | MAP kinase to other ion channels, slow
40
motor unit
nerve and the muscle it innervates
41
muscle pool
many motor neurons innervating many muscle fibers
42
cholinergic
activated by Ach
43
RBCs
terminally differentiated have hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenate, K+ deliver O2, remove CO2 8 microns
44
RBCs have no
nucleus, ER, golgi, mitochondria, protein synthesis
45
WBC types
``` neutrophil (poly, seg or PMN) monocytes lymphocytes eosinophils basophils platelets ```
46
neutrophil appearance
multilobed nuclei, neutral stains. 50% of all WBCs
47
neutrophil function
phagocytosis, granule release, PUS! | respond to gram +/- bacteria, dead tissue
48
monocytes look like:
nonsegmented, horseshoe or oval nucleus, not grainy. | 5-9% of WBCs
49
monocytes are:
macrophage precursors (e.g. Kupffer cells in liver). As macrophages, they eat parasites and foreign RBCs
50
lymphocytes have:
a big round nucleus, little cytoplasm. | 20-30% of WBCs
51
lymphocytes do:
aquired immunity, viral and bacterial infections. Ts: reg, cytotoxic, helper Bs: antibody production after antigen presentation
52
autoimmune thyroidosis
one example of lymphocytes infiltrating organs
53
eosinoophils have:
segmented nuclei, RED granules. Are terminally differentiated
54
eosinophils do:
``` recruit to inflammation sites. parasitic infection (eg, river blindness) or allergic response. ```
55
basophils look like this:
purple, grainy, hard to determine nucleus.
56
basophils do this:
contain heparin, histidine. turned on by IgE receptors bound to allergens. become mast cells and release histidine
57
platelets
derive from megakaryocytes. squeezed off by induced actin fibers.
58
WAS-Arp2/3
induced actin to squeeze platelets off megakaryocytes.
59
blood serum
NO coagulation factors. after blood coagulated in tube, serum is left on top.
60
blood plasma
has coagulation factors, and fibrin, and fibronogen
61
coagulation factors
12 factors, will be activated by Ca++
62
consumptive coagulopathy
overactive coagulation pathways. | corrected by tranfusion (?)
63
coagulation factors regulated
``` thrombosis (clotting) and fibrinolysis (unclotting) ```
64
stable useful clotting requires
platelet activation | and coagulation cascade
65
coagulation cascade | 7 steps
``` breach of epithelia factor VIII prothrombin thrombin fibrinogen fibrin clot ```
66
clot is broken down by
plasmin
67
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator, activates plasmin to break down clots
68
hemophilia locus
factor VIII
69
therapeutic heparin infusion activates
antiprothrombin III
70
albumin carries
drugs, water to give volume to vascular structures
71
lipoproteins carry
cholesterol
72
transferrin carries
iron
73
ceruloplasmin carries
carries copper in the blood, plays a role in iron metabolism
74
cytokines carry
short distance hormones
75
haptoglobin carries
leaked hemoglobin (to prevent it from oxidating)
76
hemoplexin carries
leaked heme
77
hemoglobin carries
O2, CO2
78
vWF
von Willebrand factor. clotting component made by endothelial cells (most others made in liver)
79
cell leak and disease (3)
PSA: prostate specific antibody, in prostate cancer amylase in pancreatitis troponin in heart attack
80
blood cell renewal and proliferation
from pluripotent stem cells | first differentiate as myeloid or lymphoid.
81
leukemia
overproliferation of blood stem cells
82
aplastic anemia
failure of stem cells to proliferate | killed by antibodies, meds, chemotherapy
83
blood stem cells isolated by
fluorescence activated cell sorting
84
CD34+CD38-Kit+Lin-
stem cell markers CDs are antibodies, Kit is receptor for stem cell factor Lin- means not yet differentiated
85
erythropoetin hormone
activates TFs (GATA1) to cue blood stem cell differentiation
86
where does hematopoesis happen?
yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow. | can revert to liver and spleen in blood system emergency
87
RBC lineage (9) SBCPBPNRM
``` stem cell burst-forming unit erythroid colony-forming unit erythroid proerythroblast basophilic erythroblast polychromatophilic normalblast reticulocyte mature RBC! ```
88
colony forming unit erythroid expresses
GATA1 and EpoR
89
proerythrocyte expresses
transferrin receptor heme and globin synthesis aquaporin transporters glycoporin A
90
normoblast is:
reddish | last phase before nucleus is removed
91
RBC organelles go where?
they get eaten! autophagy.
92
niches
macrophages surrounded by RBC progenitors. macrophage destroys nucleus, supplies iro-transferrin.
93
sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin mutation makes sickled RBCs clump with WBCs + activate inflammation response need sickle RBCs under 30% to prevent stroke, acute chest syndrome(clumps in lungs), pain crisis

MM: Histology (6 decks)

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