HistologySSN Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
Na inward gradient drives
A
almost everything
2
Q
GpI linkage
A
sends proteins to lipid rafts, “float” to apical surface
3
Q
transcytosis
A
come in BL and leave apical (ex. IgA)
4
Q
IgA
A
immune cell produced in lamina propria, transported through epithelial cells to lumen
5
Q
Beta-turn
A
signals AP-1 to take protein to BL surface (BL=Beta)
6
Q
Beta-turn sequence
A
hydrophobic-X-X-tyrosine
7
Q
Exocyst
A
docks vesicles at SNARES for membrane fusion
8
Q
Selective destruction
A
think PIGR with IgA
9
Q
Flux equation
A
61log(in/out)+q(Vm). q=charge, Vm=delta voltage, in-out
10
Q
Zonab/CD4
A
the “beta-catenin” of tight junctons
11
Q
some apical transporters
A
Na/glucose cotrans, Na/AA cotrans, Na/H exchanger(=), Cl channel
12
Q
some BL transporters
A
K+ channel, Na/K ATPase, Na/bicarb cotrans (=), Na/Cl cotrans (=), Na/K/2Cl cotrans (=), glucose channel
13
Q
When H+ leaves
A
lose acidity, gain alkalinity
14
Q
base in the body is always
A
bicarb
15
Q
types of dense connective tissue
A
regularly arranged (tendon, ligament), elastic, cartilage, bone
16
Q
types of cartilage
A
elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage
17
Q
hyaline cartilage
A
ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. A precursor of bone.
18
Q
fibrocartilage
A
intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments
19
Q
elastic cartilage
A
external ear, epiglottis, larynx
20
Q
types of loose connective tissue
A
areolar, adipose, embryonic, reticular
21
Q
areolar connective tissue
A
general loose connective tissue, loose irregular fibers arrangement (collagen) with fibroblasts
22
Q
areolar CT functions
A
hold epithelia in place and provide blood, oxygen and nutrients to it; contain immune cells
23
Q
areolar CT distribution
A
under epithelia layer
24
Q
areolar CT notes
A
most widely distributed CT
25
adipose connective tissue
fat for energy storage and temperature regulation. Visceral in men, subcutaneous in women. White or bown.
26
embryonic connective tissue
development. Mesenchyme and mucous, cellular not fibrous
27
reticular connective tissue
lymphoid and hematopoietic, different from reticular fibers
28
reticular CT functions
crosslinked mesh containing cells (immune or hemopoetic)
29
lipolysis upregulators
epi/NORepi, natriuretic peptide
30
lipolysis downregulator
insulin (increases fat storage)
31
collagen structure
rope of 3 alpha helixes, heterotrimeric. 42 possible combos, 40 observed
32
collagen major AAs
proline for rigid structure, glycine (every 3rd) for tight turns
33
hydroxyproline and hydroylysine
posttrans modifications for H bonding. Vitamin C deficiency=scurvy
34
collagen 1
bone
35
collagen 2
cartilage
36
collagen 3
reticular fibers
37
collagen 4
basal lamina in ECM of epithelia
38
elastin fibers
elastin and fibrillin, irregularly arranged, distensible with recoil, artery walls
39
marfan syndrome
fibrillin-1 mutation: long face, fingers, heart trouble (aneurysm, aortic dissection)
40
aggracan aggregate
major part and lubricant of cartilage ground substance
41
cartilage composition
50% fibrous matrix by weight, 50% ground substance
42
bone composition
99.6% fibrous matrix, .4% ground substance
43
collagen types in cartilage
II. Main fibrils, XI. Embedded & nucleating, IX. Prevents further collagen growth.
44
collagen types in bone
I. Main fibrils, V. Embedded & nucleating.
45
Cartilage lacunaes
Isolated, no communication except through ECM
46
bone lacunaes
interconnected through canaliculi, communicate via gap junctions
47
cartilage development origin
mesenchymal, differentiation through Sox TFs
48
bone development origin
mesenchymal, differentiation through Runx, etc, TFs
49
cartilage formation enviroment
low O2, high compressive loading
50
bone formation enviroment
high O2, high tensile loading
51
appositional growth
bone and cartilage, surface directed, out from center
52
interstitial growth
cartilage only, center cells grow, divide and spread
53
increased bone formation
growth hormone, vitamin D, gonadal steroids
54
decreased bone formation
glucocorticoids
55
increased bone reabsorbtion
parathyroid hormone, thyroid hormone, vitamin D, steroids
56
decreased bone reabsorbtion
calcitonin, gonadal steroids
57
intramembranous bone development
bone arises directly from mesenchyme. (flat bones of skull, clavicle)
58
endochondral bone development
cartilage model forms first (all other bones)
59
woven bone
histological term for fetal bone
60
lamellar bone
histological term for regular adult bone
61
lamellae
in both cancellous and compact bone, organize around osteon
62
osteonal lamellae
concentric to vessel/canal
63
interstital lamellae
random remodelled lamellae betwee osteons
64
osteons run parallel to
long axis of bone
65
RANKL
expressed by osteoblasts, interal ligand on cell surface
66
RANK
expressed by osteoclasts, receptor, attracted by RANKL
67
OPG
Sequesters RANK, prevents osteoclast activation
68
extra RANK
during inflammation, causes pathological bone reabsorption
69
Myosin
thick, two heavy chains dimerized as coiled coil, globular head on each end changes conformation with ATP
70
actin
thin, many small components polymerized, contain binding sites for myosin
71
tropomyosin
covers binding sites on actin. Modified by troponin complex
72
troponin T
binds tropomyosin
73
troponin C
binds calcium ions
74
troponin I
binds actin
75
ATP hydrolysis makes myosin head
return to resting conformation
76
after crossbridging, the power stroke is caused by
ATP to ADP
77
cardiac muscle myofibrils
branch, have intercalated discs, gap junctions
78
cardiac muscle t-tubules
are longer and deeper than skeletal muscle
79
cardiac L-type channels
are not physically connected to ryanodine receptors. Calcium induced release.
80
smooth muscle, multiunit
one neuron to one cell
81
smooth muscle, unitary
cells share nerve, connected by gap junctions
82
smooth muscle t-tubules
nope! Small invaginations called caveolae
83
calcium release in smooth muscles
g-protein->PLC->IP3->SR Ca2+
84
calmodulin
instead of tropomyosin in smooth muscle. Activates myosin light chain kinase, which allows crossbridging by phosphorylating myosin light chains, calponin and caldesmon
85
smooth muscle contraction
is flattening and twisting rather than pulling
86
3 types of neurons
monopolar (sensory), bipolar (special sensory), multipolar (everything else)
87
neuronal cell body
nucleus, transcription translation, nissl bodies
88
nissl bodies
free polyribosomes and RER in neuronal cell bodies
89
axon initial segment
where currents sum to action potential, all or nothing
90
axons
carry impulses away from cell bodies. RNA deficient, supported by mylenating cells
91
dendrites
carry impulses toward cell bodies, contain RNA
92
synapses
sites of trasmission between cells, usually presynaptic axon to postsynaptic dendrite or soma
93
Tau
a MAP, cytoskeletal element of axon
94
MAP2
expressed by dendrites
95
Tubulin
present in axon and dendrite
96
Actin in neurons
concentrated at the tips of processes
97
axonal transport: anterograde
mediated by kinesins
98
axonal transport: retrograde
mediated by dyneins. Viruses, toxins, retrograde signals.
99
dura
dense, fibrous, irregularly arranged connective tissue. Outer layer of meninges
100
arachnoid
loose areolar connective tissue, mid layer of meninges.
101
pia mater
adherent to CNS parenchyma, carries blood vessels to CNS interior
102
CSF
flows between subarachnoid space and ventricular cavities. Drains in arachnoid granulations
103
CSF production
75% filteration, 25% secretion
104
CSF filteration
in epenymal cells which line ventricles (no TJs, unlike rest of brain capillaries)
105
CSF secretion
in special cells of choroid process. Have TJs.
106
blood-brain barrier
TJs in brain capillaries attached by astrocyte foot. Astrocytes endocytose unwanted foreign substances.
107
astrocytes contain
many intermediate filaments (GFAP). Function as ECM of CNS
108
microglia
the brain's macrophages. Come from bone marrow.
109
receptor potential
change in Vm in response to stimulus in receptor cell
110
synaptic potential
Vm change in postsynaptic neuron in response to presynaptic input
111
main contributor to resting potential
K, through leak channels
112
main determinant of AP
Na (Ena is positive)
113
rate limiting step of AP propagation
opening channels.
114
Schwann cells
myelinate axons in PNS
115
oligodendrocytes
myelinate axons in CNS
116
myelin sheath contains
little protein, proteolipid protein, MBP, glycoprotein and P0, but mostly lipid
117
Schmidt-Lanterman clefts
separate myelin membrane
118
electrical synapses
through gap jxn (connexons), fast, high synchronicity
119
chemical synapses
more common. Use NTs, more delay
120
Ca entry activates
SNARE proteins, which signal vesicle fusion
121
synapsin
tethers vesicles to actin in reserve pool
122
synaptobrevin
v-SNARES (vesicle)
123
syntaxin, SNAP-25
t-SNARES (target)
124
synaptotagmin
binds Ca, triggers SNARE complex formation
125
botulinum and tentanus toxin
cleave SNARES
126
PSPs
post-synaptic potentials. Can excite or inhibit Aps
127
low frequency stimulation
releases small docked NTs (from endosomes)
128
high frequency stimulation
releases large peptide NTs (from trans-golgi network)
129
NTs can activate
ionotropic or metabotropic (g-protein coupled) receptors.
130
NMJ
neuromuscular junction
131
NMJ endplate
cholinergic synapse (with NAChR)
132
NMJ acetyl choline is sythesized by
ChAT (cytosolic enzyme)
133
Acetyl Choline
generally excitatory, present at NMJ, autonomic synapses
134
Glutamate
primary excitatory NT of the CNS
135
GABA
primary inhibitory NT of the CNS
136
Glycine
generally inhibitory
137
Serotonin
important in sex, mood, GI motility
138
Catecholamines
dopamine, epi, NORepi. Sympathetic nervous system, motion control, mental health
139
other NTs
endocannabinoids, NO, neuropeptides, ATP, histamine
140
most common WBCs
neutrophils (50%), lymphocytes (20-30%)
141
neutrophil description
segmented nucleus, neutral granules, terminally differentiated
142
monocyte description
no segments in nucleus, no granules. Horseshoe or oval shape, abundant cytoplasm.
143
lymphocyte description
round nucleus, blue, size of RBC
144
eosinophil description
red, segmented nucleus, granules of "major basic protein," teminally differentiated
145
basophil description
segmented nucleus under blue basophilic granules, contains histimine, heparin. Terminally differntiated, rarest WBC.
146
neutrophil function
recruited to inflammation. Phagocytosis, kill bacteria, release granules
147
neutrophil fun facts
Pus is neutrophils, bands are immature neutrophils, bacterial infection increases neutrophils to 70-80% of WBCs
148
monocyte function
circulating tissue macrophages, recruited to inflammation. Phagocytosis, kill bacteria, antigen presentation
149
monocyte fun facts
there are macrophages in all tissues. Normally named after tissue, but Kupffer cell in liver
150
lymphocyte function
adaptive immunity (antibodies), response to bacterial/viral infections, autoimmune diseases
151
lymphocyte fun facts
two types, T-cell for acquired immunity, B-cell for antibody production
152
eosinophil funtion
recruited to sites of inflammation, involved in allergy, parasitic infection
153
eosinophil fun facts
involved in asthma, adhere to parasites
154
basophil function
circulating form of tissue mast cell, involved in allergy
155
basophil fun fact
IgE receptors
156
platelets
derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, small granules, involved in clotting
157
serum
sitting out, it coagulates, and then you have a scab (no coag factors in liquid)
158
plasma
in tube with anticoagulant, contains clotting factors
159
dissolved cmpounds in serum or plasma
ions, steroids, lipids, sugars, proteins, vitamins, toxins, drugs; things leaked from cells (PSA, amylas, elastase)
160
HSC
hematopoietic stem cell. One could repopulate system.
161
CD34+CD38-Kit+Lin-
monocloncal antibodies for this identify HSCs
162
HSC fates
random or instructive (erythropoietin, GATA-1)
163
hematopoiesis takes place
in extra-embryonic yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow (late fetal stage)
164
hematopoiesis reverts to liver and spleen
in acute system stress (infection, acute bleeding, chemotherapy)
165
phases of RBC development
proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic, normoblast, reticulocyte, mature RBC
166
aplastic anemia
destruction of HSCs by antibodies, medications or chemotherapy. Too few RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
167
leukemia
cancer of hematopoietic system, resulting in too many WBCs
168
sickle cell
abnormal Hgb (SS) makes sickled RBCs. Adhere to WBCs in small blockages leading to stroke, pain, acute chect syndrome.
169
treat sickle cell with
exchange transfusion
170
hemophilia
factor VIII deficiency leads to impaired coagulation
171
vasculogenesis
de novo tube formation
172
angiogenesis
sprouting of new tubes off pre-existing tubes
173
two signals for angiogenesis
VEGF & Notch
174
VEGF
nonepithelial derived, acts on EC endothelial receptors
175
Notch
epithelial derived. Determines tip or stalk
176
EC proteases
degrade basement membrane so sprout can migrate toward VEGF signal
177
VEGF promotes
migration, proliferation and survival of tip cell Ecs
178
VEGFA
binds VEGFR2, induces Notch Dll4 expression, makes cell a tip cell
179
Dll4 exposure
Dll4 binds Notch receptor, turns Notch ON, makes cell a stalk cell
180
high expression of D114
Tip cell!
181
high expression of Notch receptor
Stalk cell!
182
vessel maturation
BM is laid down, PDGF from tip cellrecruits pericytes and smooth muscle
183
HIF
hypoxia induced factor: promotes VEGF in low O2 enviroment
184
once pericytes arrive
VEGF is not needed
185
specialization of vessels
pulsatile blood flow makes new cell artery (Notch +). Vein is Notch -
186
lymphatic vessel formation
VEGFC and VEGFD act on VEGFR3 (derive from venous EC)
187
retinopathy of prematurity
vascular overgrowth 1. high O2 drops VEGF levels 2. new growth stalls 3.now VEGF goes crazy in stalled areas.
188
wet macular degeneration
damaged capillaries, low 02, high VEGF, decreased endothelial integrity, fluid leak, retinal detachment
189
lucentis
Ab fragment, binds inhibitorily to VEGF. Treats diabetic wet macular edema. Injected into eye
190
avastin
Ab , inhibits VEGF-A. Used in cancer treatments
191
immunoglobulins: stem (Fc) denotes
isotype (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA)
192
immunoglobulins: variable (Fab)
binds antigen
193
IgM
starter Ab made by na‹ve B cells, low affinity
194
IgG
high affinity, produced by stimulated B cells
195
IgE
parasites, allergens
196
IgA
mucosal immunity, located in GI and breastmilk (6mo. Newborn immunity)
197
MHC I
all cells, present Ag from within cell (viral and cancer)
198
MHC II
antigen presenting cells (APC), present Ag from outside cell.
Bacteria, fungi, parasites!
199
naive B-cells arrive
in lymph nodes, from bone marrow
200
naive B-cells binding Ag
spurs clonal expansion in germinal center (LN), somatic mutation, selection
201
how many B-cells make the cut?
1%
202
after selection, b-cells
class switch, become secreting plasma cells, or memory B cells
203
CD4+
helper T. see Ag in MHC II APCs, stimulates cytotoxic Ts, B-cells and microphages
204
CD8+
Cytotoxic T cells, see MCH I Ag, destroy cells
205
How cytoxic T-cells kill
caspase cascade or FAS/fas ligand
206
dendritic cells in immunity
process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. function as antigen-presenting act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immunity. take Ags to lymph nodes
207
primary lymphoid organs
production and maturation, bone marrow and thymus
208
bone marrow
produce T cell, produce and mature B cells
209
thymus
t-cell training camp, has cortex and medulla, no germinal center, no afferent lymphatics
210
medulla is pale because
98% of T cells in cortex don?t make it to medulla. Medulla T cells recognize MHC but not self
211
epithelial reticular cells
stop blood from messing with maturation of T cells
212
hassall's corpuscles
structures found in the medulla of the thymus, formed from eosinophilic epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically
213
secondary lymphoid organs
immune response. Lymph node, spleen and MALT
214
lymph node
filters Ag in lymph, has cortex and medulla, germinal centers, afferent lymphatics
215
afferent lymphatic brings lymph into
cortex (subscapular sinus)
216
lymphocytes in lymph node arrive via
HEV: high endothelial venule
217
immune response mounts in
germinal center
218
B-cells become
plasma cells (secrete, have clock-face nucleus), and memory cells
219
Spleen
filters Ag in blood, old RBCs, no cortex or medulla, germinal centers DO form
220
white pulp
in spleen, blood delivered via trabecular artery
221
Spleen: Ag meets T-cells in
PALS: periartereoral lymphatic sheaths in periperal white pulp
222
red pulp
after white pulp, site of RBC filteration
223
RBCs live
120 days
224
MALT located
in GI tract, breast, skin, tonsils
225
MALT function
losts of B&T cells, sample lymph and have pale germinal centers
