Histology Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
What does the midface develop from?
A
1st brachial arch and frontal process
2
Q
What does the frontal process develop?
A
forehead
3
Q
Centers around the development of the primitive mouth or stomodeum occurs by the end of what week?
A
3rd week
4
Q
What does the median nasal process develop?
A
Center and tip of nose, nasal septum, globular process
5
Q
What does the lateral process form?
A
Sides of nose and infraorbital area
6
Q
Cleft is due to the failure of what?
A
The failure of the median nasal process merging with the globular process
7
Q
What does the palate develop from?
A
1ST brachial arch and the frontal process
8
Q
When does soft tissue of the palate fuse?
A
between 8 and 12 weeks gestation
9
Q
What is the anterior part of the tongue derived from?
A
1st brachial arch
10
Q
What is the posterior part of the tongue derived from?
A
brachial arches 2-4
11
Q
What 3 swellings form the anterior portion of tongue?
A
Two lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar
12
Q
What swelling forms the posterior portion of the tongue?
A
copula
13
Q
What does the dentition develop from
A
1st brachial arch and frontal process
14
Q
formation of the dentition is called what and when does is begin
A
called odontogenesis and begins at 6 weeks gestation
15
Q
Where does formation of the dentition begin
A
anterior part of the mandible
16
Q
when does calcification begin
A
approximately 4th month
17
Q
3 layers of tooth germ
A
enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac
18
Q
What is taurodontism caused by?
A
incomplete invagination of Hertwig’s root sheath
19
Q
How is taurodontism best noted? How does it look?
A
Best noted on radiograph, the bifurcation area is positioned more apically
20
Q
Enamel developed from what organ ?
A
enamel organ
21
Q
What specialized cell is enamel formed by?
A
ameloblasts
22
Q
what is the hardest tissue in the human body?
A
enamel
23
Q
Enamel organic/inorganic percentage?
A
96% inorganic, 4% organic
24
Q
why can’t enamel repair itself?
A
ameloblasts are lost during tooth eruption
25
Dark and light bands,
Hunter-Schreger bands
26
Which way do Hunter-Schreger bands run?
perpendicular to the DEJ
27
What are Hunter-Schreger bands caused by?
change in the direction of the enamel rods
28
What are lines of retzius caused by and what do they look like
They are caused by the layering process of enamel formation and from mineralization and they are fine lines that run from the DEJ to cusp tips
29
Enamel pearl is often mistaken for what?
calculus
30
What is dentin formation called
odontogenesis
31
What is the first tissue to be mineralized during tooth development
dentin
32
what does dentin develop from
dental papilla
33
dentin is formed from what specialized cells
odontoblasts
34
Where does dentin first form? Then where does it progress too?
first forms at incisal edge/cusp tips and then progresses to the root
35
dentin organic/inorganic material
30%organic 70%inorganic
36
dentin is weaker than _____ but harder than _____
weaker than enamel but harder than cementum or bone
37
how are tubules orientated to the DEJ and DCJ
perpendicular
38
Sclerotic dentin Is more common in____ and can decrease the rate of _____ spread
more common in older teeth, can decrease the rate of caries spread
39
formation of cementum is called
cementogenesis
40
cementum developed from
dental sac
41
what cells of the PDL form cementum
cementoblasts
42
where is cellular cementum primarily located?
apical and furcation areas
43
where is acellular cementum primarily located?
more cervical portion of the root
44
cementum organic/inorganic material
50%organic/ 50% inorganic material
45
normal width of cementum
0.05 mm wide
46
where is cementum the widest
root apex and furcation areas
47
where is cementum the thinnest
cervical 3rd of tooth
48
hypercementosis may be an indicator of what ?
chronic inflammation or Paget's disease
49
cementum does not meet enamel ___ of the time
cementum does not meet enamel 10% of the time
50
cementum meets enamel ___ of the time
cementum meets enamel 30% of the time
51
cementum overlaps enamel ___ of the time
cementum overlaps enamel 60% of the time
52
pulp is formed from
the dental papilla of the tooth germ
53
what is the only nonmineralized tissue of the tooth
pulp
54
3 histologic zones of pulp
1. odontoblastic zone
2. cell-free zone
3. cell-rich zone
55
primary cell of pulp
fibroblast
56
what does pulp contain of odontoblasts
nuclei
57
what are cork-screw like fibers that lie between the odontoblasts does pulp contain
Koriff fibers
58
the pulp contains cells that are associated with which tissue/ system
nerve tissue and vascular system
59
calcifications exhibited by pulp
pulp stones, denticles
60
What is the periodontal ligament
a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the root of the tooth
61
what specialized cells does PDL contain
cementoblasts, cementoclasts, odontoblasts, odontoclasts
62
what are the remnants of Hert-wig root sheath that may have a later pathological significance (tumor formation) that may be in the pulp
epithelial rests of Malassez
63
layers of bone/alveolar process
outer dense layer of bone is called compact bone.
inner spongelike bone is called trabecular bone
64
tissue composition of bone/alveolar process
50%mineralized tissue/ 50% nonmineralized tissue
65
the oral mucous membrane is derived from what germ layer?
ectoderm
66
the oral mucous membrane is the lining of the oral cavity that opens to ?
outside of the body
67
what tissue is the outer layer of the oral mucous membrane is
epithelial tissue
68
underlying layer of the connective tissue oral mucous membrane
lamina proper
69
the oral mucous membrane contains an outer layer of what cells
stratified squamous epithelial cells
70
In areas of trauma, the oral mucous membrane may exhibit
outer protective layer of epithelial cells without nuclei called keratinized tissue
71
dorsum of tongue mucosa
specialized mucosa
72
masticatory mucosa is ____ and covers ____
masticatory mucosa is keratinized and covers the gingiva and hard palate
73
lining mucosa is ____ and covers ____
nonkeratinized and lines nonmasticatory areas
74
Where is the parotid gland located? Is it bilateral or lateral?
located slightly inferior and anterior to the ear and is a serous gland. it is bilateral
75
what childhood infection is the parotid gland associate with?
mumps
76
Where does the globular max cyst occur
anterior max palate
77
What holds the upper lip together?
philtrum
78
what are 3 components of the upper lip?
right lateral, philtrum, left lateral
79
What does the nasopalatine injection anesthesize?
ant palate
80
what process does philtrum come from?
globular process
81
what does the globular process give rise too
philtrum, premaxillary palate
82
what does the maxillary process give rise to?
lateral palatine processes upper parts of cheek, sides of upper lip
83
what does the mandibular process give rise too?
lower jaw, lower parts of face, lower lip, anterior 2/3 of tongue
84
palate develops what week
between weeks 6-12
85
when is upper lip complete?
6-8 weeks
86
Tastebuds are not associated with what papillae?
filiform papillae
87
Where is the submandibular gland located? Is it bilateral or unilateral? Is it a serous or mucous gland?
It is located on the medial posterior part of the mandible. It is bilateral and
a serous and mucous gland
88
Where is the sublingual gland located? Is it bilateral or unilateral? Is it a serous or mucous gland?
It is located on the floor of the mouth. It is bilateral and a serous and mucous gland
89
When does development of the face begin
about week 3
90
Submandibular gland produces what % of saliva
Submandibular gland produces 65% of saliva
91
sublingual gland produces what % of saliva
Sublingual gland produces 10% of saliva
92
upper lip is formed by the fusion of the
median nasal process and right and left maxillary process
93
palate develops between what weeks
weeks 6-12
94
palate develops from
fusion of the globular process with the left and right palatal processes
95
embryonic processes fuse
anteriorly to posterior
96
enamel comes from
ectoderm
97
dentin and pulp comes from
mesoderm
98
mesoderm and ectoderm are separated by what
basement membrane
99
basement membrane gives rise to
DEJ- the junction between dentin and enamel
100
stages of tooth development and weeks
1. Intiation (Induction) week 6-7
2. Bud Stage (Profileration) week 8
3. Cap Stage week 9-10
4. Bell stage week 11-12
101
What week initiation occurs
week 6-7
102
What week does Bud stage (proliferation) occur
8th week
103
As ectoderm becomes thicker in bud stage it is called
dental lamina
104
What week does Cap stage occur
week 9-10
105
Enamel organ arises from what stage in tooth development?
CAP stage
106
what does the dental papilla arise from
specialized connective tissue (ectomesenchyme) or mesoderm
107
mesoderm is also called
ectomesenchyme
108
mesoderm gives rise to what part of tooth germ
dental papilla
109
dental sac gives rise to
PDL, alveolar bone, cementum
110
What week does the bell stage occur
week 11-12
111
The enamel organ develops 4 distinct layer?
1.Outer enamel epithelium
2.Stellate reticulum
3.Stratum intermedium
4.Inner enamel epithelium
112
What does the outer enamel epithelium create?*
Hertwig's epithelial root sheath
113
inner enamel epithelium gives rise too
ameloblasts
114
dentin is formed what shape
tubular
115
enamel forms as what shape
rods
116
At what stage is there a differentiation of enamel
Bell stage
117
how is tooth structure produced
layer by layer (appositional growth)
118
tooth matrix is initially ____ then ______
tooth matrix is initially soft then mineralized
119
hydroxyapatite
crystalized calcium phosphate
120
when does root formation begin and end*
begins after the crown is complete and ends 1-4 years after eruption
121
the enamel organ layers condense to form the
reduced enamel epithelium
122
the reduced enamel epithelium gives rise to *
junctional epithelium or gingival attachement
123
Hertwig's epithelial root sheath helps to
determine the outline of the root and dissolves
124
if hertwig's epithelial root sheat does not dissolve is leaves remnants called
rests of mallasez
125
remnants of the dental lamina are known as ____ and can also develop cysts
rests of serres
126
most numerous papillae
filiform
127
elongation of filiform papillae cause what
hairy tongue
128
papillae that appear larger but there is fewer of them
fungiform
129
papillae that appear as red bump
fungiform
130
papillae that are folds of tissue at the posterior lateral border of tongue
foilate papillae
131
where are circumvallate papillae located
just anterior to the sulcus terminalis (junction of posterior 1/3 and anterior 2/3 of tongue
132
which papillae are 8-12 in number*
circumvallate
133
which papillae contain glands of von ebner
circumvallate
134
where is the foramen caecum found*
foramen caecum is found at the center point at the sight of the embryonic origin of the thyroid (circumvallate papillae)
135
submandibular gland is also known as
wharton's duct
136
sublingual gland is also known as
bartholin's duct
137
what gland lubricates lips and tongue
sublingual gland
138
sublingual caruncle contains what openings *
wharton's duct and bartholin's duct openings
139
parotid gland aka
Stenson's duct
140
enamel spindle are
ends of odontoblastic processes which cross the DEJ
141
enamel spindles are
ends of odontoblastic processes which cross the DEJ
142
what forms the greatest bulk of the tooth
dentin
143
primary dentin is deposited when
before the completion of the root
144
mantle dentin is where
1st layer of dentin and is immediately adjacent to the DEJ
145
circumpulpal dentin is where
remaining dentin is adjacent to the pulp
146
secondary dentin develops when
after the tooth is in occlusion
147
odonntoblastic processes are found in
dentinal tubules
148
cementum is nourished by
PDL
149
cementum contains centrocytes in lacunae which are
trapped cementoblasts
150
concrescence is
fusion of two teeth by cementum
151
what does pulp contain (6)*
blood vessels, nerve fibers, fibroblasts, odontoblasts, histiocytes, pulp stones
152
trigeminal nerve branches and which are sensory/motor
ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves
153
what does the VI ophthalmic nerve include? is it sensory or motor
includes tip of nose (nasociliary) eyes (lacrimal) and forehead (frontal)
it is sensory
154
what does the V2 maxillary include? is it sensory or motor
upper teeth, nose, palate, mouth, cheek, temporal region
it is sensory
155
what does the V3 mandibular include? where does it enter the mandible from? is it sensory or motor
includes muscles of mastication (motor) and lower teeth (sensory)
enters the mandible through mandibular foramen
156
3 divisions of the trigeminal foramina*
1st division- superior orbital fissure ( V1 Opthalmic)
2nd division- foramen rotundum (V2 Maxillary)
3rd division- foramen ovale (V3 Mandibular)
157
what does the motor portion of the (7) facial nerve have
muscles of facial expression
158
what is the sensory portion of the (7) facial nerve for /have
taste through anterior 2/3 of tongue via chorda tympani
sublingual and submandibular salivary glands (parasympathetic system
159
muscles of mastication innervation
mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal
160
muscles of mastication blood supply
maxillary artery
161
muscles of mastication elevation
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
162
muscles of mastication depression
lateral pterygoid (with hyoid muscles)
163
muscles of mastication protrusion
lateral pterygoid
164
muscles of mastication retrusion
temporalis
165
muscles of mastication lateral shift
lateral pterygoid
166
4 primary muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
167
temporalis origin
temporal fossa (temple)
168
temporalis insertion
coronoid process (and mandibular posterior area to the 3rd molars )
169
temporalis function
to retract (retrude) and elevate the mandible
170
masseter origin
zygomatic arch
171
2 heads of the masseter muscle, how do they differ?
differ in-depth: superficial head and deep head
172
masseter insertion
the outer surface of the mandible
173
masseter function
elevate the mandible
174
medial pterygoid origin
medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and maxillary tuberosity
175
medial pterygoid insertion
Inner surface of mandible
176
medial pterygoid function
elevate and protrude mandible
177
lateral pterygoid muscle origin
lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and infratemporal space of the sphenoid bone
178
lateral pterygoid muscle insertion
TMJ disc and neck of condyle
179
lateral pterygoid muscle function
protrudes/depress mandible
allows side to side shift of mandible (think lateral=side to side)
180
the lateral pterygoid muscle opens the mouth with use of ____***
hyoid muscles
181
muscles of facial expression innervation/blood supply
facial nerve (7) / facial artery
182
which muscles help us smile
zygomaticus, levator anguli oris, risorius
183
if the muscle of facial expression inserts into the mouth but the origin is above the mouth it will contribute to a
smile
184
if the muscle of facial expression inserts into the mouth but the origin is BELOW the mouth it will contribute to a
frown
185
levator
lifts
186
depressor
pulls down
187
anguli
angle
188
orbicularis
circular
189
oculi
eye
190
oris
mouth
191
nasii
nose
192
labii
lip
193
superioris
upper
194
inferioris
lower
195
aleque
side
196
buccinator muscle is a _____ _______ muscle of facial expression
buccinator muscle is a _thin____ __quadrilateral_____ muscle of facial expression
197
what does the buccinator muscle form
anterior part of the cheek or lateral wall within the buccal region of the oral cavity
198
3 origins of the buccinator muscle
1. alveolar process of maxilla + mandible
2. fibrous structure
3. pterygomandibular raphe*
199
mentalis muscle origin
mandible near midline (chin)
200
mentalis muscle insertion
in the skin of the chin
201
hyoid muscles are important for
chewing, speaking , swallowing
202
where do hyoid muscles originate from
hyoid bone
203
hyoid muscles innervation
trigeminal (5) and facial (7) nerve
204
suprahyoid muscles are where and what is the function
above the hyoid bone and they open the mouth (depress mandible)
205
mylohyoid muscles make up
make up the floor of the mouth
206
what are the suprahyoid muscles (4)
diagastric
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
207
where are the infrahyoid muscles
below the hyoid bone, junction at the thyroid area
208
what are the infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrothyoid
209
****what is the SA (SinoAtrial Node)
pacemaker of the heart, location is the right atrial wall
210
what supplys the heart with blood
coronary arteries
211
*veins carry blood ____ the heart, arteries carry blood ____ from the heart
veins carry blood __towards__ the heart, arteries carry blood __away__ from the heart
(think Artery = Away )
212
to measure BP u are looking for
looking for a large artery (brachial)
213
to measure emergency pulse for adult
carotid
214
to measure emergency pulse for child
brachial
215
to measure non-emergency pulse for adult
radial
216
to measure non-emergency pulse for child
brachial
217
**where is the mitral valve located
between the left atrium and left ventricle
218
what regions does the facial artery supply (6)
oral, buccal, zygomatic, nasal, orbital, infraorbital regions
219
how is the facial artery separated by the facial vein in the neck
by the posterior belly of the diagastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle and the submandibular gland
220
the pterygoid plexus drains to form ___
maxillary vein
221
what does the jugular vein run with?
carotid artery
222
if you have improper angulation during PSA block you can pierce the plexus and cause what
hematoma
223
what is orthostatic hypotension
drop in BP due to sudden change in posture
224
what can cause orthostatic hypotension
fetal pressure on the inferior vena cava
225
if orthostatic hypotension occurs what do u do
put cushion under RIGHT hip and roll pt onto LEFT side
226
lymphatic system is a network of
tiny channels and nodes
227
lymphocytes are derived from
stem cells in the bone marrow
228
the lymphatic system helps
helps venous circulation return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream from tissues in the body (key role in immune system)
229
where do T cells mature ***
T cells mature in the thymus
230
lymphocytes respond to
lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens in the tissue fluids
231
tender/englarged lymph notes can indicate
infection/malignancy
232
submental nodes drain fluid from** (5)
mandibular incisors, chin, tip of tongue, midline of lip, floor of mouth
233
submandibular nodes drain ***
drains the submental node and remaining teeth
may/ may not include 3rd molars
234
deep cervical nodes drain *
submandibular nodes, 3rd molars, wall of the throat
235
oropharynx drained by*
superior deep cervical nodes
236
superior deep cervical nodes are drained by *
inferior deep cervical nodes
237
tongue develops week
weeks 4-8
238
cleft lip is a result of
median nasal process and maxillary process fail to fuse
239
cleft palate is a result of? when does it occur
palatal shelves fail together or duse with the posterior portion of the primary palate
occurs 8-12 weeks
