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ANAT105 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Define histology
What does it help us understand?

A

histology is the science of microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs.
It helps us understand relationship between structure and function

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2
Q

label the organelles of the cell (from slides)

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
RER and SER
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
nucleolus
lysosomes
centrioles
microvili
vacuoles

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A
  • a cell is the smallest functional unit of an organism that can function independently
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4
Q

List the membranous and non-membranous organelles?

A

membranous: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
non-membranous: ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles

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5
Q

Describe the nucleus

A
  • “brain” of the cell
  • houses information about every structure and process of the cell and organism, in the form of DNA
  • DNA is condensed and coiled up into chromosomes
  • consists of chromatin (hetero and eu-chromatin) which is made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins
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6
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A
  • semipermeable 2 layered membrane
  • serves as a dynamic medium for cell’s interaction with external environment
  • controls everything that comes in or out of the cell
  • phospholipid bilayer, selective permeability (amphipathic, has both hydrophobic and philic parts)
  • contains cholesterol
  • contains protein channels, carriers and receptors
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7
Q

2 types of cells and what the living organisms they include

A
  • eukaryotic: animals, plants, algae and fungi
  • prokaryotic: bacteria, archaea
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8
Q

describe the cytoplasm

A

semi-solid medium that keeps organelles suspended and nutrients dissolved within internal cellular environment

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9
Q

describe mitochondria

A
  • for energy (ATP) production
  • consists of inner membrane, intermembrane and outer membrane
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10
Q

Describe ribosomes

A

function: protein synthesis
composed of a small and large subunit

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11
Q

Describe:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • ribosomes bind to it
  • it stores proteins
  • is the extension of the nuclear membrane
  • lacks ribosomes
  • a collection of independent sacs or continuation of RER
  • synthesizes lipids, steroids and phospholipids
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12
Q

Describe golgi apparatus

A
  • protein storage centre
  • divided into cis nd trans components
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13
Q

Describe 3 types of vesicles

A
  • exocytotic: content will be expelled
  • lysosomal: protein digestion and defence
  • secretory: for regulated expulsion of content in response to a stimulus
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14
Q

How do tissues form?
4 main tissue types

A

cells come together with extracellular matrix (jelly-like fluid)

  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • epithelial
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15
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • secretion
  • protection
  • provides surface for absorption, excretion and transportation of molecules
  • special sensory receptives
  • barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms and fluid loss
  • provides low friction surface covering
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16
Q

Describe epithelial tissue
- examples
- structure

A

examples: skin, digestive system lining

stratified, several layers

  • thin sheets of tightly packed cells within a thin ECM
  • one side of epithelium exposed to air or internal fluid and other side attached to basement membrane and a dense mat of connective tissue
17
Q

Describe the different cell types of epithelial tissue classified based on shape + draw

A
  • squamous epithelial: cells appear squashed/flattened. Cells are wider than they are tall with an oval shaped nucleus
  • cuboidal epithelial: square shaped cells, they have a similar width to height ratio. Nucleus is large, round and centrally located and the cytoplasm is rich with organelles
  • columnar epithelial: rectangular column shape, they’re taller than they are wide. Nucleus is also elongated having a long oval shape. Organelle rich cytoplasm. Can have apical projections like microvili or cilia. They can be modified to produce mucuous or other secretions or they for specialised sensory receptors
18
Q

Describe different epithelial tissue types based on number of layers

A

simple: one layer of cells
stratified: multiple layers

19
Q

Describe sub-classifications of epithelium based on cell specializations

A
  • pseudostratified epithelium: simple columnar epithelium but appears to have multiple layers.
    All the cells are attached to the basement membrane but they don’t all reach the free surface, thus forming a sheet of cells with different heights and irregularly located nuclei
  • some have cilia (upper respiratory pathways, uterine tubes)
  • stereocilia (epididymis)
  • or without any apical specializations (ductus deferens)
  • transitional epithelium: stratified epithelium found in organs able to distend (swell).
    Called transitional as its superficial cells can change their shape (from cuboidal to squamous) when the organ stretches
    featured in some parts of urinary tract: renal calyces, ureters ad urinary bladder (urothelium)
20
Q

Epithelial cells are the building blocks of epithelial tissue. Describe the 3 regions of epithelial cell membranes

A

apical, lateral and basal
this is called membrane polarity

21
Q

Apical specializations are different types of fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions of the apical surface. They differ in their length, motility and function. What are the three types of specializations?

A

Microvilli - are microscopic protrusions of the cell membrane which mainly function to increase the apical surface area for absorption. Large quantities of microvilli form a ‘brush border’, due to appearance. The enterocytes of the small intestine has such specializations to facilitate absorption of food in the gut.

Stereocilia - a type of microvilli, but they’re immotile and longer. Their functions are absorption (epididymis and ductus deferens) and mechano-sensory reception (inner ear)

Cilia - fingerlike structures present on almost every epithelial cell.
3 types of cilia:
motile: removing foreign particles from the epithelial surface
non-motile (primary): transportation of signals from the ECM to the intracellular space
nodal: fetal development

22
Q

Name the top and bottom of epithelial tissue

A

top: apical surface
bottom: basal surface

23
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

examples: bone, tendons, blood
various types of cells and fibres held together by a matrix (liquid, solid or a gel)
function: support and insulation

24
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A

examples: muscles that make bones move, heart, muscles surrounding digestive tract
bundles of long cells (muscle fibres) that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening or contracting

25
Q

describe nerve tissue

A

examples: brain, nerves in sensory organs
long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses
function: sensory, communication within the body, coordination of body functions

26
Q

List the structures derived from the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

A

endoderm:
- epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts and liver and pancreas
- lining of urethra, bladder and reproductive system

mesoderm:
- notochord (cartilaginous skeletal rod)
- musculoskeletal system
- muscular layer of stomach and intestine
- circulatory system

ectoderm:
- epidermis of skin
- cornea and lens of eye
- nervous system

27
Q

2 types of epithelium

A
  • glandular epithelium
  • endocrine: hormone, diffuses into capillaries and travels through the bloodstream to reach its target organ/s and modify their functions.
  • exocrine: excrete products onto the external body surface or into internal organs’ cavities
28
Q

membranous epithelium

A
  1. Serous cavities
  2. Internal surface of blood and lymph vessels
  3. surface for respiratory, digestive and genitourinary systems
29
Q

Apical poles project towards external surface or lumen of an organ they’re also called:

A

free surfaces / domains

30
Q

Lateral, basal and basolateral surfaces

A
  • Lateral surfaces are the sites where adjacent cells interconnect
  • Basal surfaces are in contact with the underlying basement membrane
    mentioned together as a basolateral surface.

ANAT105 (11 decks)

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