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ANAT105 > Introduction and Terminology of Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction and Terminology of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Basic anatomical position

A
  • person stands upright
  • head, eyes, toes pointing straight ahead
  • arms hang alongside body with palms facing forward
  • legs close and feet parallel
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2
Q

3 anatomical planes

A
  • Sagittal: vertical line that divides body into left and right sections
  • transverse: horizontal line divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections
  • coronal (frontal): vertical line divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
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3
Q

4 anatomical positions (locations)

A
  • anterior : front of body
  • posterior: back of the body
  • medial: close to medial plane of body
  • lateral: further away from medial plane of body
  • superior: structure close to vertex, highest point of skull
  • inferior: structure located close to sole of the foot
  • proximal: structure close to central parts of body
  • distal: structure further away from central part of body
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4
Q

4 anatomical locations of the embryo

A
  • cephalic / cranial : head of embryo
  • caudal : tail, inferior end of embryo
  • ventral : anterior, front of embryo
  • dorsal : posterior, back of embryo
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5
Q

Describe the anatomical locations of the brain

A
  • rostral: anterior of the head
  • caudal: posterior, back of the head
  • ventral: inferior region of the brain
  • dorsal: superior region towards scalp
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6
Q

List the anatomical terms of movement

A
  • flexion and extension
  • supination and pronation
  • dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
  • abduction and abduction
  • medial rotation and lateral rotation
  • elevation and depression
  • inversion and eversion
  • opposition and reposition
  • circumduction
  • protraction and retraction
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7
Q

Describe the anatomical terms of movement in the arms

A
  • abduction: Movement away from the midline
  • adduction : Movement towards the midline
  • flexion: A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
  • extension: increases the angle between two body parts
  • medial rotation: rotation movement towards the midline
  • lateral rotation: rotating movement away from the midline
  • supination: hand palm up resting on a table shoulder and elbow still
  • pronation: hand palm down
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8
Q

Describe the anatomical terms of movement in the feet

A
  • dorsiflexion: flexion at ankle so foot points superiority
  • plantarflexion: extension at the ankle so foot points inferiorly
  • inversion: movement of sole towards median plane
  • eversion: movement of sole away from median plane, sole faces lateral direction
    They’re movements that occur at the ankle joint, rotation of foot around its long axis
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9
Q

Describe the anatomical terms of movement in the fingers

A
  • opposition: brings thumb and little finger together
  • reposition: movement of thumb and little finger away from each other
  • circumduction: conical movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled
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10
Q

Describe the anatomical terms of movement in the shoulders

A
  • elevation: movement in a superior direction
  • depression: movement in a inferior direction
  • protraction: anterolateral movement of the scapula on thoracic wall that allows shoulder to move anteriorly
  • retraction: posteromedial movement of scapula on thoracic wall causing shoulder to move posteriorly
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11
Q

What is the axial skeleton? (No. of bones)

A

Axial skeleton forms vertical central axis of body and includes all bones of head, neck, chest, back
80 bones

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12
Q

3 main parts of axial skeleton

A
  1. Skull (22bones)
    And additional 7 associated with head:
    - hyoid bone
    - ear ossicles
  2. Vertebral column (24 bones)
    + sacrum and
    - coccyx
  3. Thoracic cage
    - 12 pairs of ribs and
    - Sternum (flattened anterior chest bone)
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13
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton? How many bones?

A
  • Includes all bones of upper and lower limbs plus bones that attach each limb to axial skeleton
  • 126 bones in adult appendicular skeleton
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14
Q

What is a joint, how can they be classified?

A
  • a connection between 2 bones in skeletal system
  • classified by:
  • type of tissue present (fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial)
  • degree of movement permitted ( synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis or diarthrosis)
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15
Q

Syn, Amphi, Di -arthrosis

A

Synarthrosis: immovable -> fibrous joints
Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable -> cartilaginous joints
Diarthrosis: freely movable -> synovial

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16
Q

What is a fibrous joint and its categories?

A

fibrous joint: is where bones are bound by tough, fibrous tissue as they require strength and stability (over movement)
sub-classified into:
- sutures
- gomphoses
- syndesmoses

17
Q

Describe each fibrous joint sub-category

A

sutures: immovable (synarthrosis), only found between flat, plate-like bones of skull. Limited movement until 20, then they’re fixed and immobile.
*Most important in: birth as unfused joints allows deformation of skull as it passes through birth canal

gomphoses: immovable, found where teeth articulate with their sockets in maxilla (upper) or mandible (lower teeth)
tooth is bound to its socket by strong periodontal ligament.

syndesmoses: slightly movable (amphiarthrosis), bones held together by interosseous membrane
e.g. middle radioulnar and tibiofibular joints

18
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints and the 2 types

A
  • united by hyaline or fibro -cartilage
    2 types:
  • primary cartilaginous: synchondroses
    immovable, connected by hyaline cartilage
  • secondary cartilaginous: symphyses
    slightly movable, bones united by a layer of fibrocartilage
19
Q

Define synovial joints

A
  • presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule
  • freely movable (diarthrosis)
  • most common joint
20
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A
  • hinge: allows for motion in 1 plane (elbow)
  • saddle: allows for all motion except rotation (thumb joint)
  • plane/gliding: occurs when flat surfaces glide across one another (joint that joins clavicle to scapula)
  • pivot: allows rotational motion (join that lets us shake our head no)
  • condyloid/ellipsoid: similar to ball and socket but significant rotation is not allowed (wrist)
  • ball and socket: allows for motion in all directions (shoulder joint)
21
Q

Different anatomical laying down positions

A

prone: laying down on your stomach
supine: laying down on your back
fowler’s: in between sitting and lying down (hospital bed)
right lateral recumbent: laying down on your right side on your right arm
left lateral recumbent: lying down on your left side on your left arm
trendelenburg: lying down on your back with feet up

22
Q

Body is split into 2 primary regions: axial and appendicular
list body parts in each region

A

Axial: head, neck and trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back)

Appendicular:
- Upper limb (shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand)
- Lower limb (hip, gluteal region, thigh, leg, ankle, foot)

23
Q

Describe the 2 different types of abdominal are regions and explain each one

A

4 region scheme:
vertical line through linea alba (median plane) crosses horizontal line through the umbilicus (transumbilical plane) -> four quadrants: right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

9 region scheme:
two vertical midclavicular lines (left and right) cross two horizontal: subcostal and transtubercular –> 9 segments:
right hipochondrium - epigastrium - left hipochondrium
right lumbar - umbilical - left lumbar
right inguinal - hypogastrium - left inguinal

24
Q

five major body cavities split into 2 different groups:

A

dorsal cavities: cranial and vertebral cavities
ventral cavities: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities
superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum also included and peritoneal cavity

ANAT105 (11 decks)

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