Histology

Question 1

what is the overview from smallest to largest in regards to cytology

Answer 1

cells
tissues - a conglomeration of cells for specific function
organ - a conglomeration of tissues serving multiple functions

Question 2

function of nucleus

Answer 2

cells genetical material
control activity of cell

Question 3

what is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 3

double membrane that encloses entire nucleus separating it from cytoplasm

Question 4

function of nucleolus

Answer 4

assembly of ribosomes by translating mRNA and make proteins

Question 5

what is the cytoplasm / purpose

Answer 5

outermost component of cells that contains organelles

Question 6

mitochondria purpose

Answer 6

generate ATP

Question 7

purpose of smooth ER

Answer 7

steroid synthesis

Question 8

rough ER purpose

Answer 8

protein synthesis / ribosomes

Question 9

golgi apparatus function

Answer 9

process and package macromolecules (proteins/lipids) after synthesis

Question 10

lysosomes function

Answer 10

contain enzymes for digestion
cell’s garbage system

Question 11

what are the four tissues

Answer 11

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nerve

Question 12

generally where can the epithelium be found?

Answer 12

line the cavities and surfaces of structures

Question 13

function of epithelium (4)

Answer 13

1. seperates internal cell / external environment
2. homeostasis through barrier that allows for permeability
3. formation of glands
4. lies on top of connective tissue separated by basement membrane

Question 14

Features of epithelia (7)

Answer 14

highly cellular
avascular
nervous innervation for sensation
rapid cell turnover
basement membrane
junctional complexes
polarized

Question 15

what are the types of junctional complexes? what are they?

Answer 15

tight junction - impermeable
gap junction - allows passage of small molecules
desomosome - joins intermediate filaments in one cell to another
adhering junction - joins actin bundle in one cell to

Question 16

what is apical polarization

Answer 16

directed toward exterior surface or lumen

Question 17

what is lateral polarization

Answer 17

contacts and communicates with adjacent cells

Question 18

what is basal polarization

Answer 18

rests on basement membrane anchoring cell to underlying connective tissue

Question 19

functions of epithelia (5)

Answer 19

protect
transport
secretion
absorption
sensation

Question 20

classifications of epithelium

Answer 20

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

Question 21

what is simple epithelium

Answer 21

one cell thick, in contact with underlying basal lamina

Question 22

what is stratified epithelium

Answer 22

multilayered

Question 23

what is pseudostratified epithelia

Answer 23

simple columnar epithelia cells who nuclei appear at different heights

Question 24

where is simple squamous epithelia normally found

Answer 24

alveoli, blood vessels, esophagus, anus

Question 25

where is cuboidal epithelia normally found

Answer 25

secretive or absorptive tissue ex - pancreas, kidney tubules, ovary and testes

Question 26

what is columnar epithelium

Answer 26

elongated, column shaped

Question 27

what does the columnar epithelium do? what specifically can be found in it?

Answer 27

secretes mucous Goblet Cells

Question 28

what are goblet cells

Answer 28

unicellular glands between cells of parts in the intestine

Question 29

what is the transitional epithelium's other name?

Answer 29

urothelium

Question 30

where can transitional epithelium be found? what does it do?

Answer 30

urinary bladder allows for stretching of bladder

Question 31

what is keratinized epithelium

Answer 31

most apical layers of cells are dead and do not have nucleus or cytoplasm. contain keratin, making them waterproof

Question 32

what is an example of keratinized epithelium?

Answer 32

skin - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 33

what is cilia?

Answer 33

elongated extensions of cytoplasm that move material along cell surface

Question 34

what are microvilli?

Answer 34

elongated finger-like projections of the cell membrane that increases surface area for absorption / secretion

Question 35

where can cilia be found? where can microvilli be found?

Answer 35

fallopian tube small intestine

Question 36

functions of skin? (7)

Answer 36

protection water resistance sensation heat regulation control evaporation storage and synthesis absorption

Question 37

what is the epidermis? what are contained within the epidermis?

Answer 37

outermost layer of the skin merkel cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes and langerhans cells

Question 38

is the epidermis vascular?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

what is the dermis?

Answer 39

a layer below epidermis that consists of connective tissue

Question 40

what is the main function of the dermis?

Answer 40

cushion the body from stress and strain

Question 41

where is the dermis connected? what connects it?

Answer 41

connected to the epidermis by basement membrane

Question 42

what can nervous tissue can be found in the dermis? what is their purpose?

Answer 42

mechanoreceptor nerve endings sense of touch and heat

Question 43

what else can be found in the dermis?

Answer 43

hair follicles sweat glands sebaceous glands lymphatic vessels blood vessels

Question 44

what are the divisions of the dermis?

Answer 44

papillary reticular

Question 45

what is the papillary dermis?

Answer 45

superficial area adjacent to the dermis

Question 46

what is the reticular dermis?

Answer 46

deep thicker area below papillary dermis

Question 47

what are the sublayers of the epidermis?

Answer 47

stratum: corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum basale

Question 48

what is the stratum corneum?

Answer 48

heavily keratinized flat cells with no nucleus / cytoplasm

Question 49

what is the stratum lucidum? what is special about it?

Answer 49

only in thick skin (soles of feet/hands)

Question 50

what is the stratum granulosum? what is in it and how thick is it?

Answer 50

2-4 layers of flattened cells holding keratohyalin granules

Question 51

what is found in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 51

post-mitotic keratinocytes

Question 52

what is the stratum basale?

Answer 52

deepest layer where cell division occurs; resting on basal lamina

Question 53

where are melanocytes found?

Answer 53

stratum basale

Question 54

what are keratinocytes?

Answer 54

predominant cell types that synthesize keratin

Question 55

what are melanocytes

Answer 55

located in stratum basale that synthesize melanin

Question 56

what are langerhans cells? what layer of the epidermis can they be found?

Answer 56

located in stratum spinosum containing large granules (birbeck) that become fully functional antigen-presenting cells in immune defense

Question 57

what are merkel cells

Answer 57

specialized cells associated with sensation of light tough and discrimination of shapes/textures

Question 58

what is the inflammatory phase?

Answer 58

blood clot formation to obtain hemostasis

Question 59

what are the 4 things that occur during the proliferation phase?

Answer 59

angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization and wound contraction

Question 60

what occurs in the maturation and remodeling phase

Answer 60

collagen is remodeled and realigned along tension lines and cells that are no longer needed are removed

Question 61

what is the epidermis made of

Answer 61

stratified squamous epithelium