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Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the overview from smallest to largest in regards to cytology

A

cells
tissues - a conglomeration of cells for specific function
organ - a conglomeration of tissues serving multiple functions

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2
Q

function of nucleus

A

cells genetical material
control activity of cell

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3
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane that encloses entire nucleus separating it from cytoplasm

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4
Q

function of nucleolus

A

assembly of ribosomes by translating mRNA and make proteins

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5
Q

what is the cytoplasm / purpose

A

outermost component of cells that contains organelles

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6
Q

mitochondria purpose

A

generate ATP

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7
Q

purpose of smooth ER

A

steroid synthesis

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8
Q

rough ER purpose

A

protein synthesis / ribosomes

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9
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

process and package macromolecules (proteins/lipids) after synthesis

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10
Q

lysosomes function

A

contain enzymes for digestion
cell’s garbage system

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11
Q

what are the four tissues

A

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nerve

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12
Q

generally where can the epithelium be found?

A

line the cavities and surfaces of structures

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13
Q

function of epithelium (4)

A
  1. seperates internal cell / external environment
  2. homeostasis through barrier that allows for permeability
  3. formation of glands
  4. lies on top of connective tissue separated by basement membrane
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14
Q

Features of epithelia (7)

A

highly cellular
avascular
nervous innervation for sensation
rapid cell turnover
basement membrane
junctional complexes
polarized

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15
Q

what are the types of junctional complexes? what are they?

A

tight junction - impermeable
gap junction - allows passage of small molecules
desomosome - joins intermediate filaments in one cell to another
adhering junction - joins actin bundle in one cell to

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16
Q

what is apical polarization

A

directed toward exterior surface or lumen

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17
Q

what is lateral polarization

A

contacts and communicates with adjacent cells

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18
Q

what is basal polarization

A

rests on basement membrane anchoring cell to underlying connective tissue

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19
Q

functions of epithelia (5)

A

protect
transport
secretion
absorption
sensation

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20
Q

classifications of epithelium

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

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21
Q

what is simple epithelium

A

one cell thick, in contact with underlying basal lamina

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22
Q

what is stratified epithelium

A

multilayered

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23
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelia

A

simple columnar epithelia cells who nuclei appear at different heights

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24
Q

where is simple squamous epithelia normally found

A

alveoli, blood vessels, esophagus, anus

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25
Q

where is cuboidal epithelia normally found

A

secretive or absorptive tissue
ex - pancreas, kidney tubules, ovary and testes

26
Q

what is columnar epithelium

A

elongated, column shaped

27
Q

what does the columnar epithelium do? what specifically can be found in it?

A

secretes mucous
Goblet Cells

28
Q

what are goblet cells

A

unicellular glands between cells of parts in the intestine

29
Q

what is the transitional epithelium’s other name?

A

urothelium

30
Q

where can transitional epithelium be found? what does it do?

A

urinary bladder
allows for stretching of bladder

31
Q

what is keratinized epithelium

A

most apical layers of cells are dead and do not have nucleus or cytoplasm. contain keratin, making them waterproof

32
Q

what is an example of keratinized epithelium?

A

skin - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

33
Q

what is cilia?

A

elongated extensions of cytoplasm that move material along cell surface

34
Q

what are microvilli?

A

elongated finger-like projections of the cell membrane that increases surface area for absorption / secretion

35
Q

where can cilia be found? where can microvilli be found?

A

fallopian tube
small intestine

36
Q

functions of skin? (7)

A

protection
water resistance
sensation
heat regulation
control evaporation
storage and synthesis
absorption

37
Q

what is the epidermis? what are contained within the epidermis?

A

outermost layer of the skin
merkel cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes and langerhans cells

38
Q

is the epidermis vascular?

A

no

39
Q

what is the dermis?

A

a layer below epidermis that consists of connective tissue

40
Q

what is the main function of the dermis?

A

cushion the body from stress and strain

41
Q

where is the dermis connected? what connects it?

A

connected to the epidermis by basement membrane

42
Q

what can nervous tissue can be found in the dermis? what is their purpose?

A

mechanoreceptor nerve endings
sense of touch and heat

43
Q

what else can be found in the dermis?

A

hair follicles
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
lymphatic vessels
blood vessels

44
Q

what are the divisions of the dermis?

A

papillary reticular

45
Q

what is the papillary dermis?

A

superficial area adjacent to the dermis

46
Q

what is the reticular dermis?

A

deep thicker area below papillary dermis

47
Q

what are the sublayers of the epidermis?

A

stratum:
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
basale

48
Q

what is the stratum corneum?

A

heavily keratinized flat cells with no nucleus / cytoplasm

49
Q

what is the stratum lucidum? what is special about it?

A

only in thick skin (soles of feet/hands)

50
Q

what is the stratum granulosum? what is in it and how thick is it?

A

2-4 layers of flattened cells holding keratohyalin granules

51
Q

what is found in the stratum spinosum?

A

post-mitotic keratinocytes

52
Q

what is the stratum basale?

A

deepest layer where cell division occurs; resting on basal lamina

53
Q

where are melanocytes found?

A

stratum basale

54
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A

predominant cell types that synthesize keratin

55
Q

what are melanocytes

A

located in stratum basale that synthesize melanin

56
Q

what are langerhans cells? what layer of the epidermis can they be found?

A

located in stratum spinosum containing large granules (birbeck) that become fully functional antigen-presenting cells in immune defense

57
Q

what are merkel cells

A

specialized cells associated with sensation of light tough and discrimination of shapes/textures

58
Q

what is the inflammatory phase?

A

blood clot formation to obtain hemostasis

59
Q

what are the 4 things that occur during the proliferation phase?

A

angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization and wound contraction

60
Q

what occurs in the maturation and remodeling phase

A

collagen is remodeled and realigned along tension lines and cells that are no longer needed are removed

61
Q

what is the epidermis made of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

Anatomy (17 decks)

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