histology 20-kidney

Question 1

how much of the cardiac output do kidneys receive

Answer 1

roughly 25%

Question 2

what is used for the treatment of anemia in patients with end stage renal disease

Answer 2

RhEPO

Question 3

describe the composition of the outer layer of the capsule of the kidney

Answer 3

fibroblasts and collagen fibers

Question 4

describe the composition of the inner layer of the capsule of the kidney

Answer 4

cellular components of myofibroblasts

Question 5

what is the cortex characterized by

Answer 5

renal corpuscles and their associated tubules

Question 6

define medullar ray

Answer 6

aggregation of straight tubules and collecting ducts

Question 7

what is the medulla characterized by

Answer 7

straight tubules, collecting ducts, and special capillary network (vasa recta)

Question 8

what does the nephron consist of

Answer 8

renal corpuscle and tubule system

Question 9

what represents the beginning of the nephron

Answer 9

renal corpuscle

Question 10

what does the proximal convoluted tubule originate from

Answer 10

urinary pole of bowman’s capsule

Question 11

where are the renal corpuscles of subcapsular/cortical nephrons located

Answer 11

in the outer part of the cortex

Question 12

describe the loops of henle in subcapsular/cortical nephrons

Answer 12

short and extend only into outer medulla

Question 13

describe the loops of henle of juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 13

have long loops of hence and extend well into inner region of pyramid

Question 14

what do mutations in the gene encoding for the alpha5 chain of type 4 collagen give rise to

Answer 14

aport’s syndrome (hereditary glomerulonephritis)

Question 15

how is alports syndrome manifested

Answer 15

hematuria, proteinuria, progressive renal failure

Question 16

what is nephrin

Answer 16

important structural protein of the filtration slit diaphragm

Question 17

what are mutations in NPHS1 associated with

Answer 17

congenital nephrotic syndrome

Question 18

define glycocalyx

Answer 18

plasma membrane-bound negatively charged proteoglycans associated with glycosaminoglycan side chains and peripheral proteins

Question 19

what is the lamina rara external particularly rich in

Answer 19

polyanions

Question 20

what type of epithelium constitutes the parietal layer of bowman’s capsule

Answer 20

simple squamous

Question 21

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus include

Answer 21

macula dense, juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 22

describe the shape of the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 22

cuboidal

Question 23

what are the 2 major proteins responsible for fluid reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 23

Na+/K ATPase pumps and AQP-1

Question 24

where is type 1 epithelium found

Answer 24

thin descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle of short-looped nephrons

Question 25

what does type 1 epithelium consist of

Answer 25

thin, simple epithelium

Question 26

where is type 2 epithelium found

Answer 26

thin descending limb of long-looped nephrons in the cortical labyrinth, consisting of taller epithelium

Question 27

where is type 3 epithelium found

Answer 27

thin descending limb in the inner medulla

Question 28

where is type 4 epithelium found

Answer 28

bend of long-looped nephrons and through the entire thin ascending limb

Question 29

describe the osmoticity of the thin descending limb

Answer 29

isosmotic

Question 30

describe the osmoticity of the thin ascending limb

Answer 30

hyposmotic to plasma

Question 31

what part of the loop of henle is permeable to Na+ and Cl-

Answer 31

thin ascending limb

Question 32

what does the structure and function of the distal convoluted tubule depend on

Answer 32

delivery and uptake of Na+

Question 33

what are the predominant cells of the collecting duct

Answer 33

principal cells

Question 34

what is the primary target for aldosterone action

Answer 34

principal/light cells

Question 35

what do alpha intercalated cells do

Answer 35

actively secrete H+ into the collecting duct lumen via Cl-/HCO3- exchanges located in their basolateral cell membrane

Question 36

what do beta intercalated cells do

Answer 36

secrete bicarbonate ions into the lumen of the collecting duct