Histology

Question 1

where is a common site for ovarian cancer

Answer 1

the cuboidal epithelium of the ovary

Question 2

what is oogenesis

Answer 2

development of oocytes, the female germ cells from the oogonia

Question 3

what is Folliculogenesis

Answer 3

growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any support cells

Question 4

how is an oogonia formed

Answer 4

around week 6 of embryonic development, germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis&raquo_space; oogonia

Question 5

how are mature oocytes made

Answer 5

oogonia undergo development and division via meiosis to form oocytes [a.k.a ova]

Question 6

what is atresia

Answer 6

loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis > cell is reabsorbed following cell death

Question 7

what are pregranulosa cells

Answer 7

follicle cells

Question 8

what happens if an oocyte fails to associated with a pregranulosa cells

Answer 8

it will die

Question 9

what is the histology of pregranulosa cells

Answer 9

begin squamous

if the follicle enters growth phase, they will become cuboidal

Question 10

what are primary follicles defined by

Answer 10

cuboidal granolas cells

- zona granulosa

Question 11

what cells go on to form the theca in primary follicles

Answer 11

stromal cells

Question 12

during follicular development as the oocyte engages, what forms between the oocyte and granulosa cells

Answer 12

layer of special ECM

- zona pellucida

Question 13

what does the theca interna layer go on to do

Answer 13

secrete oestrogen precursors

Question 14

what converts the oestrogen precursors into oestrogen

Answer 14

granolas cells

Question 15

how is a secondary follicle formed

Answer 15

A space, called the antrum, filled with follicular fluid begins to form and enlarge in the granulosa layer

Question 16

what are Graafian follicles

Answer 16

very largest follicles

Question 17

what happens 1 day before ovulation

Answer 17

oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete meiosis 1, but instead of producing two equal cells, it will produce one cell called a secondary oocyte

Question 18

what does the secondary oocyte do

Answer 18

begins second phase of meiosis but will stop at metaphase II

Question 19

when would the secondary oocyte complete meiosis

Answer 19

after it has been released (ovulation) and fertilized by a sperm

Question 20

what happens to the follicle after ovulation

Answer 20

transforms into the corpus luteum

Question 21

what does the corpus luteum secretes, through what cells and why is this important

Answer 21

theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogens and progesterone

helps prepare the uterus for implantation

Question 22

what happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs

Answer 22

becomes corpus albicans

Question 23

what happens to the corpus luteum if implantation occurs

Answer 23

the placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum&raquo_space; maintains progesterone levels,&raquo_space; maintains the pregnancy

Question 24

what are the parts of the uterine tube

Answer 24

isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbria

Question 25

what does the infundibulum of the uterine tube do

Answer 25

moves so that its opening is adjacent to the site where the follicle ruptures

Question 26

what propels the ovum down the tube

Answer 26

by gentle peristalsis and currents created by the ciliated epithelium

Question 27

where does fertilisation occurs

Answer 27

in the ampulla

Question 28

what is the ampulla composed of

Answer 28

the mucosa is folded and lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretory cells. This is surrounded by smooth muscle

Question 29

what are the 3 parts of the uterus wall

Answer 29

endometrium myometrium perimetrium

Question 30

what is the endometrium

Answer 30

inner secretory mucosa which is shed during menstruation

Question 31

what is the endometrium made up of

Answer 31

tubular secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue stroma

Question 32

what is the myometrium

Answer 32

3 layers of smooth muscle, combined with collagen and elastic tissue

Question 33

what is the perimetrium

Answer 33

outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

Question 34

what is the endometrium divided into

Answer 34

stratum functionalis | stratum basalis

Question 35

what is the role of the stratum functionalis

Answer 35

undergoes month growth, degeneration and loss

Question 36

what is the role of the stratum basalis

Answer 36

reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis.

Question 37

how is the thickness of the endometrium increased during the proliferative phase

Answer 37

the glands, stroma and vasculature grow

Question 38

what happens during the secretory phase in the uterus

Answer 38

glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen.

Question 39

what happens during the menstrual phase in the uterus

Answer 39

arterioles in the functionalis undergo constriction, depriving the tissue of blood and causing ischemia, with resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood

Question 40

what is the cervix composed of

Answer 40

fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium ON ITS VAGINAL SURFACE BUT transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium

Question 41

why is it important to know about the transition zone

Answer 41

common site of dysplasia and neoplastic changes leading to cervical cancer

Question 42

what is the transition zone

Answer 42

area in the cervix where the histology changes from stratified squamous epithelium TO simple columnar epithelium

Question 43

why is the epithelium of the cervix canal important

Answer 43

mucous secreting endocervical glands - these secretions vary from thin and water in proliferative phase - to thick and viscous following ovulation

Question 44

what are the 4 layers of the vagina wall

Answer 44

1. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. 2. Lamina propria 3. Fibromuscular layer 4. Adventita

Question 45

why is the Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. thicker during reproductive years

Answer 45

due to glycogen accumulation

Question 46

why is having glycogen in the vagina important

Answer 46

Commensal bacteria metabolize the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Question 47

how is the vagina lubricated as it has no glands

Answer 47

mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

Question 48

what is mons pubis

Answer 48

skin containing hair follicles overing subcutaneous fat pad overlying the pubic symphysis

Question 49

what is labia majora

Answer 49

Extensions of mons pubis, similar structure and rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Question 50

what is labia minora

Answer 50

hin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin

Question 51

what histology is seen in labia minora and when does it change

Answer 51

Keratinized epithelium extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the hymen, where there is a transition to non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 52

what is the clitoris

Answer 52

Contains two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa), covered by a fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis.