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Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of Cell

A 
75-85% Water 
10-20% Protein 
2-3% Lipid 
1% Carbohydrate 
1% Inorganic
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2
Q

What cells have most water?

A

Embryonic

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3
Q

Features common to all eukaryotic cells

A

an outer membrane,
inner cytosol,
cytoskeleton ,
organelles ,inclusions

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4
Q

Role of plasmalemma

A

separates cytoplasm from the outer environment

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5
Q

Whats is the plasmalemma made up of?

A

amphipathic phospholipid molecules

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6
Q

what does the plasmalemma contain?

A

integral proteins

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7
Q

examples of integral proteins

A

receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes and cell attachment proteins

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8
Q

What can the plasmalemma do

A

exocytose and endocytose

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9
Q

What is the plasmalemma permeability like?

A

highly permeable to H20, O2 and small hydrophobic molecules whereas charged ions are virtually impermeable

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10
Q

why is a bi layer important

A

because both inside the cytoplasm and outside the cell are water loving environments and so hydrophilic head must face both

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11
Q

organelles

A

small ‘organs’ of the cell that have a specific function and are essential for life

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12
Q

examples of organelles

A

mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and nucleus

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13
Q

inclusions

A

are there for specific purposes but are not necessary for life

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14
Q

example of inclusion

A

adipose cells in brown fat

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15
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

filamentous proteins

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16
Q

3 main filaments

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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17
Q

how do filaments become attached to the cell membrane

A

by anchoring and joining proteins to form a dynamic 3D internal scaffolding in the cell

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18
Q

What are microfilaments composed of

A

fine brands of protein actin

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19
Q

what makes microfilaments dynamic cytoskeletal elements?

A

they can assemble into filaments and later dissociate

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20
Q

how small are microfilaments

A

smallest filament (7nm)

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21
Q

what do intermediate filaments do?

A

bind intracellular elements together and to plasmalemma

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22
Q

size of intermediate filaments

A

10-15nm

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23
Q

why are intermediate filaments subdivided into classes?

A

these are used in pathology to identify tumour origins

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24
Q

what do intermediate filaments form?

A

a network through out the cytoplasm

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25
what do microtubules consist of?
they are hollow tubules composed of alpha and beta tubular subunits
26
where do microtubules originate from?
the centrosome
27
What is the role of microtubules?
participate in production of spindle and proteins such as dyeing and kinesis attach to microtubules and move vesicles by dragging them along the microtubules
28
Kinesin
ATPase that moves towards the cell periphery
29
Dynein
ATPase that moves toward the cell centre
30
How is the nucleus structures?
it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which is composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores, between the two membranes there's the perinuclear cistern which is continuous with the cistern of the ER and the outer membrane is studded with ribosomes and continuous with the rough ER
31
Function of nucleus
location of RNA synthesis, mRNA and tRNA are transcribed in nucleus, rRNA is transcribed in the nucleolus
32
What does the nucleus contain
Euchromatin and heterochromatin
33
Euchromatin
DNA that is more dispersed and is actively undergoing transcription
34
heterochromatin
DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription
35
what is the nucleus surrounded by
double membrane
36
where are ribosomes formed
the nucleolus
37
what are ribosomes made up of
small subunit (which binds RNA) and a large subunit (which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds.
38
What does the export of ribosome depend on?
the nuclear pore complex
39
What does the ER form
a network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments in the cell
40
how does the ER look in micrographs
appears as flattened membrane sheets or elongated tubular profiles
41
What does the RER do?
Site of protein synthesis and initiation of glycoprotein formation
42
What is expected if you see lots of RER?
there will be lots of protein production
43
What does SER do?
produces lipids and continues protein synthesis
44
What is the Golgi apparatus made up of?
made up of flattened, membrane bound cisternae which are arranged in sub compartments
45
What arrives at the Golgi apparatus?
transport vesicles from the RER/SER
46
What does Golgi apparatus do?
functions in the modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER
47
What is the mitochondria composed of
an outer membrane and an extensively folded inner membrane folded to form cristae
48
Role of mitochondria
generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation and involved in synthesis of certain lipids
49
How do mitochondria synthesis proteins?
they contain their own DNA and system
50
What are intercellular junctions
specialised membrane structures which link individual cells together into a functional unit
51
The three types of junctions
Occluding, Anchoring and communicating junctions
52
Anchoring/adherent junctions
link submemnrane actin bundles of adjacent cells
53
communicating junctions (gap junctions)
allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells
54
intercellular junctions (junctional complex)
a close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues
55
How can things be transported in and out of the cell?
diffusion, transport proteins and by incorporation into vesicles
56
Endocytosis and exocytosis
material from extracellular space can be incorporated into the cell by endocytosis. The cell membrane invaginate, fuses and newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into the cell. Exocytosis works in a reverse fashion to discharge material
57
How is tissue prepared to watch under a microscope?
- Tissue placed in a fixative (formalin), preserves in in a life like state - Tissue is dehydrated, put in organic solvent and placed in hot wax until it has fully penetrated/impregnated the tissue. - tissue is thinly sliced (1-15µm) using a microtome to allow light to pass through - placed on microscope slides, wax is washed out and tissue is rehydrates - this can produce ARTIFACTS (distortions/changes from original tissue e.g. shrinkage)
58
most common stain
H and E
59
Haematoxylin
basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules and stains them purplish blue
60
Eosin
an acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules and stains them pinkish red
61
Why are epithelial cells good for covering surfaces?
because they have strong adhesion between them meaning they're tightly bound and have little intercellular space
62
How do epithelial cells receive nutrients?
they are non vascular, so nutrients must diffuse across the the basal lamina
63
what can epithelia also form?
solid organs and glands
64
shapes of epithelia
squamous, cuboidal and columnar
65
simple
has one layer of epithelia
66
stratified
has two or more layers of epithelia
67
pseudostratified
multiple layers of epithelia
68
specialised cells
goblet cells
69
what are glands
where product is secreted
70
exocrine glands
product secreted toward apical end of the cell either into the lumen of an internal space, into a duct, or onto the body surface
71
endocrine glands
product secreted toward the basal end of the cell (end sitting on basal lamina), then distributed by the vascular system throughout the body. Termed 'ductless' glands

Principles (17 decks)

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