Pharmacology

Question 1

pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

what a drug does to the body (biological effects and mechanism of action)

Question 2

pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and their metabolism)

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

drug is absorbed from the site of administration, entry into plasma

Question 4

Distribution

Answer 4

drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and is distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids

Question 5

metabolism

Answer 5

drug transformation by metabolism by the liver and other tissue

Question 6

excretion

Answer 6

drug and/or drug metabolites excreted in urine, faeces or bile

Question 7

What is a drug?

Answer 7

any single synthetic, or natural substance known structure used in treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease

Question 8

How do drugs move around the body?

Answer 8

bulk flow (via circulatory system) or diffusion

Question 9

agonist

Answer 9

a drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response

Question 10

antagonist

Answer 10

a drug that reduces or blocks the action of an agonist by binding to the same receptor

Question 11

what does the the proportion of ionisation of a drug defend on ?

Answer 11

the pKa of the drug and local pH

Question 12

endocytosis

Answer 12

transport of large drugs across the cell membrane

Question 13

what do the pKa and pH look like when 50% of the drug is ionised and 50% is unionised

Answer 13

pH=pKa

Question 14

Reaction for acids

Answer 14

AH—> A- + H+

Question 15

Reaction for bases

Answer 15

BH—> B + H+

Question 16

what determines the proportion of ionised and unionised drugs in a given pH environment

Answer 16

The Henderson- Hasselbach equation

Question 17

what ways can the small molecules cross cell membrane?

Answer 17

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis

Question 18

medicine

Answer 18

a chemical preparation containing one or more drugs used with the intention of causing therapeutic effect

Question 19

how do drugs act?

Answer 19

by binding to regulatory proteins (enzymes, carrier molecules, carrier molecules, ion channels and receptors)

Question 20

receptors

Answer 20

macromolecules on, or within the cytoplasm or in some cases in the nucleus, cells that mediate biological action of hormones, neurotransmitters and other endogenous substances.

Question 21

example of agonist

Answer 21

adrenaline is a drug (and hormone) that binds to receptors (beta adrenoceptors) in the heart to increase cardiac rate and force

Question 22

example of antagonist

Answer 22

beta blockers are a class of drug that bind to beta receptors in the heart to block the binding of adrenaline, they increase In the cardiac rate and force caused by adrenaline

Question 23

what shape is relationship between response and agonist concentration on semi logarithmic graph

Answer 23

S shaped

Question 24

what’s an agonist with low efficacy

Answer 24

a partial agonist

Question 25

Drug targets in the body

Answer 25

enzymes, carrier molecules, ion channels, receptors, DNA and RNA

Question 26

endogenous

Answer 26

substance within the body

Question 27

exogenous

Answer 27

substance from outside the body

Question 28

affinity

Answer 28

the 'strength association' between ligand and receptor

Question 29

efficacy

Answer 29

the ability of the agonist to evoke a response (higher the efficacy, the larger the response)

Question 30

potency

Answer 30

amount of drug needed to produce a given effect

Question 31

relationship between agonist concentration and receptor occupancy

Answer 31

the higher dose given the greater concentration of agonists , meaning more receptors occupied giving a greater response

Question 32

What's EC50

Answer 32

the concentration of agonist that elicits half a maximal response (at which 50% of the receptors are occupied)

Question 33

ED50

Answer 33

dose at which 50% of receptors are occupied

Question 34

why is a semi logarithmic plot used

Answer 34

it allows a very large range of agonist concentration to be plotted conveniently. (response is plotted on y axis and is regular scale whereas the agonist concentration is plotted on a log scale on the x axis)

Question 35

What can be determined from the semi logarithmic plot

Answer 35

EC50 and ED50

Question 36

what is the response between the concentration (or dose) and agonist concentration said to be?

Answer 36

sigmoidal

Question 37

What is potency determined by?

Answer 37

EC50

Question 38

What is efficacy determined by?

Answer 38

maximum response

Question 39

What's the antagonists efficacy like

Answer 39

they have none