Histology All

Question 2

What are the main functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Regulate metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, mood, and homeostasis; works with nervous system for integration and control.

Question 3

How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system in response time?

Answer 3

It is slower but has longer-lasting effects than neural responses.

Question 4

Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

Answer 4

GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH.

Question 5

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

Answer 5

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL.

Question 6

What is the function of ADH and where is it released?

Answer 6

ADH increases water reabsorption and is released by the posterior pituitary.

Question 7

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection?

Answer 7

Oxytocin.

Question 8

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 8

T3, T4, Calcitonin.

Question 9

What is the function of PTH?

Answer 9

Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts.

Question 10

Which hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 10

Aldosterone, Cortisol.

Question 11

What is the role of epinephrine and where is it produced?

Answer 11

Triggers fight/flight response; produced by adrenal medulla.

Question 12

Which hormones are produced by the pancreas?

Answer 12

Insulin, Glucagon.

Question 13

What is the role of erythropoietin?

Answer 13

Stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.

Question 14

What is negative feedback in hormonal control?

Answer 14

A process where increased hormone levels inhibit the release of further hormones to maintain balance.

Question 15

What is an example of a peptide hormone and its action?

Answer 15

Insulin; binds to membrane receptors as it is water-soluble.

Question 16

What is an example of a steroid hormone and its action?

Answer 16

Cortisol; enters cells and acts on DNA.

Question 17

What hormone stimulates milk production?

Answer 17

Prolactin.

Question 18

What hormone controls red blood cell production?

Answer 18

Erythropoietin (EPO).

Question 19

Which hormone increases sodium retention and blood pressure?

Answer 19

Aldosterone.

Question 20

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

Weight loss, tremors.

Question 21

What causes goiter?

Answer 21

Iodine deficiency.

Question 22

What does the mnemonic ‘FLAT PEG’ represent?

Answer 22

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH – hormones of the anterior pituitary.

Question 23

What is histology?

Answer 23

The microscopic study of tissues and organs.

Question 24

Name the 4 main tissue types.

Answer 24

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

Question 25

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 25

Tightly packed cells, polarity, avascular, innervated.

Question 26

What type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli?

Answer 26

Simple squamous.

Question 27

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

Answer 27

Stretching, found in the bladder.

Question 28

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

Answer 28

Supports epithelium, found in skin and organs.

Question 29

Which fiber provides strength in connective tissue?

Answer 29

Collagen.

Question 30

What type of connective tissue is found in tendons?

Answer 30

Dense regular.

Question 31

What cells produce the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

Answer 31

Fibroblasts.

Question 32

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Answer 32

Insulation, energy storage.

Question 33

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Answer 33

Striated, multinucleate, voluntary.

Question 34

Where is cardiac muscle found and what are its features?

Answer 34

In the heart; striated, involuntary, with intercalated discs.

Question 35

What type of muscle is found in blood vessels?

Answer 35

Smooth muscle.

Question 36

What is the function of neurons?

Answer 36

Transmit electrical impulses.

Question 37

What are the parts of a neuron?

Answer 37

Soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, myelin sheath.

Question 38

What is the function of Schwann cells?

Answer 38

Form the myelin sheath for insulation and speed.

Question 39

What are sensory neurons responsible for?

Answer 39

Transmit signals from body to CNS.

Question 40

What do interneurons do?

Answer 40

Connect neurons within the CNS.

Question 41

What would happen to blood calcium levels if PTH was not produced?

Answer 41

Blood calcium levels would decrease due to reduced osteoclast activity and decreased calcium reabsorption in kidneys.

Question 42

A patient has frequent urination and dehydration but normal blood glucose levels. What disorder might this indicate?

Answer 42

Diabetes Insipidus (low ADH levels).

Question 43

How does the body respond to acute stress at the hormonal level?

Answer 43

Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.

Question 44

What hormone imbalance causes Cushing’s syndrome and what are the symptoms?

Answer 44

Excess cortisol; symptoms include fat redistribution and muscle loss.

Question 45

If a person has low T3 and T4 but high TSH, where is the problem likely located?

Answer 45

In the thyroid gland (primary hypothyroidism).

Question 46

Which hormone would likely be elevated in a person who is severely dehydrated?

Answer 46

ADH (to promote water retention).

Question 47

Why would a tumor in the anterior pituitary potentially cause gigantism?

Answer 47

It could overproduce GH during childhood, leading to excessive growth.

Question 48

A person has weak bones and low blood calcium. Which hormones might be deficient?

Answer 48

PTH and Calcitriol.

Question 49

Why is insulin ineffective in Type II diabetes despite being present?

Answer 49

Because target cells are resistant to insulin’s effects.

Question 50

What would be the effect of excess aldosterone on blood pressure?

Answer 50

Blood pressure would increase due to sodium and water retention.

Question 51

Why is simple squamous epithelium ideal for gas exchange in alveoli?

Answer 51

It is thin and allows easy diffusion of gases.

Question 52

A biopsy shows stratified squamous epithelium. What function does this tissue likely serve?

Answer 52

Protection, especially in areas like the skin or mouth.

Question 53

Why does cardiac muscle have intercalated discs?

Answer 53

To allow synchronized contraction and communication between cells.

Question 54

Why are neurons unable to regenerate easily after injury?

Answer 54

Most neurons do not undergo mitosis and have limited regeneration capability.

Question 55

What would happen if Schwann cells were damaged?

Answer 55

Nerve impulses would slow due to loss of myelin insulation.

Question 56

What type of connective tissue would be best for resisting tensile forces?

Answer 56

Dense regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons).

Question 57

A person is experiencing poor absorption of nutrients. Which epithelial tissue might be damaged?

Answer 57

Simple columnar epithelium in the small intestine.

Question 58

Why do arteries contain elastic connective tissue?

Answer 58

To stretch and recoil in response to blood pressure changes.

Question 59

Which muscle tissue type would be affected in someone with involuntary digestive problems?

Answer 59

Smooth muscle.

Question 60

If a cutaneous wound is healing poorly, which connective tissue might be underperforming?

Answer 60

Areolar (loose) connective tissue and fibroblasts involved in repair.