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Histology > Histology and Its Methods: Part I > Flashcards

Histology and Its Methods: Part I Flashcards

1
Q

____________ is the study of tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

A

Histology

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2
Q

What are two crucial understandings to the study of histology?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells and cell products
  2. All diseases result from disorders in cellular function
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3
Q

What are the basic levels of organization from smallest (atom) to largest (organism)?

A

Atom

Molecule

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

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4
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function

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5
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that are formed by function

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6
Q

What two interacting components become functionally specialized to give rise to tissues?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Extracellular matrices
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7
Q

The ______________ _________ supports cells and contains fluid for transporting nutrients to cells and carrying wastes away from cells

A

Extracellular matrix

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8
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
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9
Q

______________ tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

______________ tissue underlies or supports epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue, both structurally and functionally

A

Connective

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11
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connectivve

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12
Q

_____________ tissue is composed of contractile cells, which underlie aspects of motility

A

Muscle

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13
Q

_____________ tissue receives, integrates, and transmits information from outside and inside the body to control activities of the body

A

Nervous

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14
Q

How many types of muscle tissue are there?

A

Three: muscle, cardiac, and smooth

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15
Q

Of the three muscle tissues, which two are striated?

A

Muscle and cardiac

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16
Q

Of all the tissue types, which is the least plastic, leaving it prone to damage and disorder?

A

Nervous

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17
Q

There are two general methods for studying tissues: microscopy and ___________ ____________

A

Molecular techniques

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18
Q

_____________ microscopy is based on the interaction of light and tissue components that’s often used to reveal and study tissue features. Types of this microscopy include bright-field, fluorescence, phase-contrast, confocal, polarizing, and differential interference

A

Light

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19
Q

What is resolving power?

A

The smallest distance between two objects at which they can still be seen as separate objects; resolving power determines the quality of the image and is dependent upon the quality of objective lenses

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20
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope?

A

0.2 µm

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21
Q

The resolving power of a light microscope is around 0.2 micrometers, which allows us to see cellular components like a _____________ or cytoplasmic filament

A

Ribosome

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22
Q

In ________________ microscopy, tissue sections are irradiated with UV light and the emission is in the visible portion of the spectrum, resulting in bright colors against a dark background

A

Fluorescence

23
Q

_________________ microscopy involves modified light microscopes that can be used to study unstained cells and tissue sections; images are generally transparent and colorless but can be used to view living, cultured cells

A

Phase-contrast

24
Q

The image is produced by what type of microscope?

A

Phase contrast

25
Q

The image is produced by what type of microscopy?

A

Differential interference

26
Q

In ________________ microscopy, light is optically aligned in the focal plane (i.e., confocal), resulting in improved resolution and specimen localization; however, the microscope must include a computer-driven mirror system to move the point of illumination across the specimen automatically and rapidly

A

Confocal

27
Q

_____________ microscopy allows for recognition of structures made of highly organized molecules and produces images of materials with repetitive, periodic macromolecular structures - features without structure are not seen

A

Polarizing

28
Q

These images are taken with what type of microscopy?

A

Polarizing

29
Q

In ______________ microscopy, images result from the interaction of electrons and tissue components, and because the wavelength of an electron beam is much shorter, this type of microscopy allows for much better resolution

A

Electron

30
Q

In ________________ ____________ microscope, an electron beam passes directly through the specimen, and heavy metal ions are often used for tissue preparation to improve contrast

A

Transmission electron

31
Q

What is the typical resolution of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Around 3 nm

32
Q

This image was taken via what type of microscopy?

A

Transmission electron microscopy

33
Q

In ___________________ _________ microscopy, electrons do not pass through the specimen; they simply scan the specimen, providing high resolution of surfaces, which is usually dried and spray-coated with a thin layer of heavy metal (i.e., gold)

A

Scanning electron

34
Q

From what type of microscope is this image produced?

A

Scanning electron

35
Q

_______________________ is a method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections by radioactively labeling metabolites to be incorporated into macromolecules in living cells

A

Autoradiography

36
Q

From what type of molecular technique is this image derived?

A

Autoradiography

37
Q

How can you tell the difference between autoradiography and electron microscopy images?

A

Autoradiography labels metabolic products whereas EM shows the cells themselves

38
Q

What types of information can autoradiography provide?

A

Which cells and how many cells are replicating DNA in preparation to divide as well as events, like where in the cell is a protein produced or secreted

39
Q

What are three benefits of in vitro and in vivo cell and tissue culture over other histological methods?

A
  1. Molecular effects can be isolated on specific cell types
  2. Cellular behavior can be directly observed under phase-contrast microscopy
  3. Experimentation otherwise not possible with an intact organism can occur
40
Q

In ____________ ___________, cells and tissues are grown in complex solutions of known composition with serum components or growth factors added

A

Cell and tissue culture

41
Q

In a ______________ cell culture, the cells are initially dispersed mechanically or enzymatically and plated sterilely upon which the cells adhere

A

Primary cell culture

42
Q

What is a cell line?

A

A permanent, immortalized line once isolated from normal or pathological tissue and maintained in vitro

43
Q

The process that promotes cell imortality in cell lines is called…?

A

Transformation

44
Q

In _____________ ____________, the localization of cellular structures can be determined

A

Enzyme histochemistry

45
Q

Why are compounds or macromolecules tagged in enzyme histochemistry?

A

To detect and localize specific sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids

46
Q

Which histological method utilizes the highly specific interaction between antigen and antibodies?

A

Immunohistochemistry

47
Q

What’s required for all immunohistochemical techniques?

A

Antibodies, which are produced against foreign antigens

48
Q

In ___________ immunohistochemistry, the antibody is made against the tissue of interest, tagged with a label, and placed with the tissue section on a slide; the labeled antibodies bind specifically to the antigens against which they were produced and can be visualized

A

Direct

49
Q

In ____________ immunohistochemistry, the primary antibody is made against the antigen of interest and applied to the tissue slide; then a secondary antibody is made against the primary antibodies and is labeled; the secondary antibody is applied to the tissue section and specifically binds the primary antibodies, indirectly labeling the protein of interest

A

Indirect

50
Q

Which is more sensitive and widely used? Direct or indirect immunohistochemistry?

A

Indirect

51
Q

Which histological method allows for the specific identification of DNA and RNA sequences?

A

Hybridization

52
Q

What is in situ hybridization?

A

Hybridization that occurs when a solution of nucleic acid is applied directly to cells and tissue sections

53
Q
A

Histology (18 decks)

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