Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s defenses can be sorted into two general categories. What are they?

A
  1. Non-specific
  2. Specific
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2
Q

_________________ defense prevent, deny, or limit the entry and proliferation of pathogens

A

Nonspecific

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3
Q

What expamples of nonspecific defenses were discussed in class?

A

Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons, the complement system, the inflammatory response, fever

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4
Q

What two cell types mediate specific defenses or the acquired immunse system?

A

T cells

B cells

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5
Q

T-cells confer ______-mediated immunity; B-cells confer __________-mediated immunity

A

Cell-mediated

Antigen-mediates

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6
Q

The immune response:

Antigens activate both T and B cells, but the activation of __ cells generally occurs first. These cells attack the antigen and stimulate the activation of __ cells, which once activated can produce _________________

A

T cells

B cells

Antibodies

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7
Q

What cells activate T cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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8
Q

How do T cells recognize antigens? In other words, what steps occur to activate them?

A

An antigen-presenting cell, a macrophage, engulfs an antigen and presents part of it on its cell for T cells to recognize, activating the T cells

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9
Q

What type of T cell seeks out and destroys abnormal and infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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10
Q

__________________ T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells the second time an antigen appears

A

Memory T cells

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11
Q

______________ T cells secrete suppression factors or inhibitory cytokines that turn off other immune system cells once an infection has been brought under control

A

Suppressor T cells

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12
Q

_______ cells launch a chemical attack on antigens by producing appropriate, specific antibodies

A

B cells

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13
Q

How are B cells sensitized and then activated?

A

Sensitization: When an antigen appears, the B cell engulfs it via endocytosis and presents the antigens on the surface of the B cell

Activation: A previously activated helper T cell binds to B cell; the T cell releases chemicals that stimulate B cell proliferation and antibody production; some of these daughter mature into plasma cells

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14
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Plasma cells are differentiated effector B cells that produce and secrete large numvers of antibodies

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15
Q

Where are B cells activated?

A

Lymph nodes

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16
Q

Like its T cell counterpart, ______________ B cells do not respond to a threat of first exposure; they only do so after the second exposure

A

Memory B cells

17
Q

Antibodies are composed of two parallel polypeptide chain pairs: one pair of _____ chains and one pair of _____ chains

A

Heavy

Light

18
Q

Two variable sites on the top of the antibody form the ____________ binding sites

A

Antigen

19
Q

When antibody molecules bind to their corresponding antigen molecules, an __________________-______________ ______________ forms

A

Antigen-antibody complex

20
Q

_________________ ________________ refers to the site on an antigen to which an antibody binds, forming an antigen-antibody complex

A

Antigenic determinant

21
Q

The formation of an antigen-antibody complex can lead to neutralization (antibody covers the active portion of pathogen), ______________________ (antibody cross-links cells forming a “clump”), or _______________ (antibody cross-links form an insoluble antigen-antibody complex

A

Agglutination

Precipitation