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Histology, cytology, hematology > Histology II: female reproductive system > Flashcards

Histology II: female reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

the female reproductive system composed of what main structures/organs?

A 
ovaries, 
uterine tubes, 
uterus, cervix, 
vagina, 
vulva
mammary glands considered too
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2
Q

major functions of the ovaries

A

Productions of gametes and steroid hormones.

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3
Q

The ovaries’ main divisions?

A

a cortex and medulla.

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4
Q

Describe the ovarian medulla.

A

central portion of the ovary.

contains loose connective tissue,
a mass of large contorted blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels,
and nerves.

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5
Q

Describe the ovarian cortex.

A

peripheral portion of the ovary

contains the ovarian follicles embedded in a rich cellular connective tissue

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6
Q

Surface of ovary covered with what type of epithelium?

A

a single layer of cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

What lies between the epithelium and the underlying cortex?

A

tunica albuginea

a dense connective tissue layer

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8
Q

Location of ovarian follicles.

A

are distributed in the stroma of the cortex

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9
Q

What 3 basic types of ovarian follicles can be identified:

A

primordial or primary follicles,
growing or secondary follicles,
Graafian follicles or mature follicles

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10
Q

What do the primordial follicles consist of

A

primary oocyte, and surrounding follicular cells

surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium with own basal lamina.

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11
Q

The follicular cells of the primordial follicles undergo what change?

A

undergo stratification to form the stratum granulosum of the primary follicle.

The follicular cells are now identified as granulosa cells..

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12
Q

What surrounds the primary follicle?

A

Connective tissue cells that form the theca.

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13
Q

What is the difference between primordial and primary follicles?

A

term often used interchangeably, has a nuanced difference

main difference is that primordial follicle is a smaller, dormant follicle with a single layer of flattened granulosa cells whereas

primary follicle is much larger with cuboidal granulosa cells.

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14
Q

What is the theca interna?

A

the inner layer of the theca that surrounds a follicle, highly vascularized layer of cuboidal secretory cells.

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15
Q

What is the theca externa?

A

the outer layer of connective tissue cells surrounding a follicle.

contains mainly smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres.

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16
Q

Maturation of the oocyte occurs where?

A

in the primary follicle

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17
Q

The secondary follicle is characterized by?

A

a fluid –containing antrum.

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18
Q

When do fluid-filled cavities appear among the granulosa cells?

A

When the stratum granulosum reaches a thickness of 6 to 12 cell layers

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19
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

In secondary follicles - the granulosa cells form a thickened mound which projects into the antrum and to which the oocyte is associated.

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20
Q

The cells of cumulus oophorus form what around the oocyte?

A

a corona radiata

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21
Q

Corona radiata separated from the oocyte by?

A

space called the zona pellucida, which consists of an amorphous material produced by the secretions of the oocyte.

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22
Q

What are atretic follicles?

A

Not all follicles reach maturity so some degenerating = atretic follicles, can usually be observed in the ovarian cortex.

the follicular epithelium and zona pellucida are still retained.

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23
Q

collapsed follicles undergo what?

A

reorganization into the corpus luteum after ovulation.

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24
Q

If fertilization do not occur the corpus luteum does what?

A

degenerates and undergoes a slow involution.

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25
What forms the corpus albicans?
Connective tissue elements of the corpus luteum becomes transformed into the corpus albicans.
26
The wall of the uterine tube is composed of what three layers
The serosa the muscular layer and the inner mucosa
27
The serosa of the tubes is also known as?
the mesothelium
28
What does the epithelium of the uterine tubes consist of?
simple squamous epithelium and thin layer of connective tissue.
29
The smooth muscle layer of the tubes has what two sublayers
the circular inner layer and longitudinal outer layer.
30
What feature does the mucosa of the uterine tubes exhibit?
relatively thin longitudinal folds that project into the lumen of the uterine tube throughout its length.
31
What epithelial type does the mucosa of the tubes consist of?
simple columnar epithelium composed of two kinds of cells: ciliated and non-ciliated secretory cells
32
Uterus lined by what type of epithelium?
Lined by columnar epithelium.
33
Uterus composed of what 3 regions?
Uterine horns or fundus (in primates) Body Neck (cervix)
34
The uterine wall is composed of three layers. From the lumen outward they are?
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
35
During reproductive life the endometrium consist of what two layers that differ in structure and function?
stratum functionale | stratum basale
36
What does stratum functionale consist of?
reticular fibres, numerous cell types (fibrocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells), coiled or spiral arteries, and uterine glands.
37
Function of stratum functionale?
implantation medium for conceptus is layer that proliferates and degenerates during the uterine cycle. The vasculature and glands of the stratum functionale also proliferate and degenerate each cycle.
38
What type of epithelium are uterine glands covered by?
the same simple columnar epithelium as the surface of the endometrium.
39
Function of stratum basale?
is retained during uterine cycle and serves as the source for the regeneration of the stratum functionale.
40
Stratum basale consists of?
loose connective tissue that is less cellular, uterine glands which are wider and twisted compared with those of stratum functionale, and straight arteries (compared to coiled in s.functionale).
41
What is the myometrium?
the thickest layer of the uterus, comprised of tunica muscularis of the uterine horns and body.
42
The myometrium is composed of?
layers of smooth muscle cells | numerous large blood vessels, sometimes referred as stratum vasculare.
43
Orientation of myometrial musculature?
Muscle bundles oriented in a circular pattern. In the inner and outer layers the smooth muscle bundles are oriented parallel to the long axis of the uterus.
44
What is the perimetrium?
forms the tunica serosa for most of the uterine horns and the body of the uterus.
45
What is the perimetrium composed of?
mostly loose connective tissue lined externally by simple squamous epithelium.
46
How does the cervical endometrium differ from the rest of the uterus?
generally lacks glands and spiral arteries, but can possess a mucus-producing epithelium that is especially laden with goblet cells and other mucus producing cells within ruminant species.
47
What does the cervical endometrium consist of?
dense irregular connective tissue, forms major folds with extending secondary and even tertiary folds, each lined with simple columnar epithelium.
48
What does the cervical myometrium consist of?
layers of smooth muscle cells and well developed elastic fibres.
49
What does the cervical perimetrium consist of?
loose connective tissue.
50
How is the mammary gland grossly divided?
into lobules by loose connective tissue.
51
What do mammary gland lobules consist of?
secretory end portions lined by simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium.
52
What are mammary alveolae?
The secretory portions of the mammary lobules are called alveolae due to the wider lumen.
53
What extends between mammary alveolae?
fragile connective tissue strands extend from the interlobular tissue
54
Secretion is directed from the alveolae into?
the intralobular excretory ducts
55
What are the intralobular excretory ducts lined with?
simple squamous epithelium.
56
Intralobular ducts open into..?
wider interlobular ducts and finally into lactiferous ducts.
57
Interlobular ducts lined by?
that are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
58
Fetal placental portion formed by?
the chorion The chorion is the outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in amniotes.
59
Maternal placental portion formed by?
by cells of the endometrium.
60
Comparison of placental morphology is based primarily on?
the location of maternal – fetal interaction along the chorion sac.
61
Name 4 placental shapes.
diffuse placenta Cotyledonary placenta Zonary placenta Discoid placenta
62
Describe the diffuse placenta and give species example.
the interactions occur essentially all over the embryonic sac without discrete areas (sow and mare)
63
Describe the cotyledonary placenta and give species example.
the maternal - fetal interaction are restricted to the uterine caruncles (ruminants)
64
Describe the zonary placenta and give species example.
the maternal-fetal interaction occurs as an equatorial belt around the chorionic sac. carnivores
65
Describe the discoid placenta and give species example.
the maternal-fetal interaction occurs in one or two round areas (primates)
66
Define cotelydon.
The chorionic tissue that interacts with uterine caruncles forms vascular tufts called cotyledons (ruminants).
67
Describe the Folded placenta and give species example.
consists of microscopic folds of the endometrium (sow).
68
Describe the Lamellar placenta and give species example.
consists of slender and elaborate folds forming lamellae of the endometrium (carnivores).
69
Describe the Villous placenta and give species example.
fetal tissues form chorionic villi with extensive vascular beds that are specifically associated with the caruncles (ruminants, mare, humans)
70
Name 3 types of chorionic/placental surface types.
folded placenta lamellar placenta villous placenta
71
Name 3 types of placental circulation.
Epitheliochorial placenta Endotheliochorial placenta Hemocorial placenta
72
Describe the Epitheliochorial placenta and give species example.
chorionic and uterine epithelium separates fetal and maternal capillaries (horse, ruminants, pig)
73
Describe the Hemocorial placenta and give species example.
chorion is directly exposed to maternal blood without endothelial interference primates
74
Describe the Endotheliochorial placenta and give species example.
the chorion cell exposed directly to maternal capillaries (dogs, cats and other carnivores).

Histology, cytology, hematology (13 decks)

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