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Medicine > Histology of skin > Flashcards

Histology of skin Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the skin thickest?

A

Soles of the feet and palms of the hands

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2
Q

Where is the skin thinnest?

A

Parts of the abdomens and thorax, lips, eyelids and some parts of external genitalia

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3
Q

Is keratinised epithelium dead or alive?

A

Dead

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4
Q

How does keratinised epithelium stain?

A

Pink

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5
Q

What lies just beneath the keratinised epithelium, what how does it stain?

A

A darkly staining granular layer which synthesise keratin. They contain purple keratohyaline (the precursor to keratin)

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6
Q

What are the majority of the cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, which are derived from stem cells within the germinal layer of the epidermis that rests on the basement membrane.

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7
Q

What other cells are present in the germinal layer of the epidermis, that is responsible for skin colour?

A

Melanocytes- produce melanin pigment granules that are transferred to keratinocytes

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8
Q

Where is melanin stored within the epidermis?

A

In keratinocytes

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9
Q

What are melanocytes derived from, and where do they migrate to?

A

The neural crest of the embryo and migrate into the epidermis during development

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10
Q

What causes skin colour?

A

Skin colour is proportional to the amount of melanin stored in keratinocytes. The number of melanocytes doesn’t change with race or skin colour.

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11
Q

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

The spinous layer- between the lowest most germinal layer and the granular layer

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12
Q

Where is the spinous layer of the epidermis found?

A

Between the lowest most germinal layer and the granular layer near the surface.

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13
Q

What is the function of the spinous layer of epidermis?

A

It’s cells are held together by desmosomes (intermediate filaments) that prevent the skin from splitting when stretched

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14
Q

Where are Langerhan’s cells present and where are they easiest to see?

A

In the epidermis and most easily seen in the spinous (prickle) layer

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15
Q

What do Langerhans cells look like?

A

They have a pale cytoplasm and an irregular (ovoid) shapes nucleus

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16
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

They are antigen detecting cells, important in the immune system and increase in number during inflammatory situations

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17
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

In the basal layer of the epidermis

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18
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

They form synapses with nerve cells in the dermis and convey the sensation of fine touch

19
Q

What is the origin of hair follicles?

A

Although the roots of hair project into the dermis of the skin, they are epidermal in origin

20
Q

Where to hairs arise from?

A

The germinative layer of the epithelium within the hair bulb

21
Q

Where do hairs get their colour from?

A

Melanocytes produce melanin and are present in the hair bulb in the germinative layer

22
Q

What is the hair surrounded by?

A

A collagenous (type 1) follicle sheath

23
Q

What allows the hairs to stand on end?

A

An erector pilli muscle (smooth muscle) inserted into the follicle sheath and is autonomically innervated

24
Q

What lubricates hair?

A

Sebaceous glands which open into the shaft that the hair follicle takes through the dermis and epidermis and secrete sebum

25
Q

What are nails composed of?

A

Compacted keratin

26
Q

Where do nails arise from?

A

A nail matrix they are located under the cuticle at the proximal end of the nail

27
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Two layers of connective tissue:
The outer layer closest to the epidermis is fibrous and composed of collagen and elastin
The inner layer contains much adipose tissue

28
Q

What structures are embedded in the dermis?

A

Roots of hairs, glands, blood vessels and nerves

29
Q

What are the most common form of sweat gland?

A

Eccrine (apocrine are less common and mainly found in the armpits, anus and the external genitalia)

30
Q

Describe eccrine glands

A

They are tightly coiled fluid secreting cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells which help to expel sweat. These are accompanied by a straight duct lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, which extend to the surface of the skin

31
Q

What are the two main sensory transducers within the dermis of the skin?

A

The pacinian corpuscle (resembles a section through an onion)
The Meissner’s corpuscle (numerous and have a spiral appearance)

32
Q

What are the eyelids covered by?

A

A thin layer of hairy skin and a row of prominent eye lashes

33
Q

What is the inside of the eye lid lined by?

A

A moist conjunctiva consisting of stratified columnar epithelium (just two layers)

34
Q

What is the substance of the eyelid composed of?

A

A single row of eyelashes
Striated muscle fibres of the orbicularis occult muscle
Glands (largest being the meibomian gland)

35
Q

Describe the nipple

A

A raised area of skin with a fibro- muscular core containing 12-20 small opening of lactiferous (milk) ducts

36
Q

Describe the areola

A

Surroundes the nipple, normally hairless but contains many sebaceous glands

37
Q

What happens to the ducts of the breasts at pregnancy?

A

They develop terminal secretory alveoli, which contain secretory cells that produce milk proteins (apocrine secretion), milk fats (merocrine secretion) and an ion rich watery solution

38
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands look like?

A

Very pink staining

39
Q

What does the pascinian corpuscle detect?

A

Pressure

40
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscle made up of?

A

Schwann cells around a nerve

41
Q

What do meissners corpuscle detect?

A

Light touch

42
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum basale- has stem cells for keratinocytes and contains melanocytes
  2. Stratum spinosum (pickle layer)- contains desmosomes
  3. Stratum granulum- where keratinocytes stay
  4. Stratum lucidum- only found on palms, fingertips and soles of feet
  5. Stratum corneum- keratinised layer
43
Q

What are the layers of the skin called?

A

Epidermis- outer layer
Subcutaneous layer
Dermis
Extraepidermal parts- where epidermis goes into dermis (hair bulbs)

Medicine (9 decks)

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