Histology of the endrocrine system

Question 1

adenohyposis

Answer 1

anterior pituatary

separated into pars distalis

pars intermedia

pars tuberalis

Question 2

neurohyphosis

Answer 2

posterior pituatary
pars nervousa
infundbiluar stalk

Question 3

anterior pituatary embroyo

Answer 3

comes from ectoderm (rathke’s pouch)

Question 4

posterior pituatary embroyo

Answer 4

comes from neuroectoderm

Question 5

Neurosecrotory cells

Answer 5

from the hypothalmus

regulate the anterior pituatary

Question 6

Regulation of the posterior pituatary

Answer 6

occurs from the paraventricular nucleus (makes oxytocin) and the supraoptic nucleus (produces ADH)

Question 7

Primary capillary plexus

Answer 7

surronds the median eminence and infundilum

has fenestrated and sinusodial capillaries

blood supply to pars distalis

Question 8

secondary capillary plexus

Answer 8

surrounds the pars distalis

blood supply to pars distalis

Question 9

pars distalis types of cells

Answer 9

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

Question 10

Somatotrophs

Answer 10

acidophil

secrete growth hormone

+ GHRH
- somatostatin

act on liver, muscle, bone, kidney

Question 11

Lactrotrophs

Answer 11

acidophil

secrete prolactin

+ TRH and VIP

• dopamine

act on breasts

Question 12

corticotrophs

Answer 12

basophil

produces ACTH

+CRH
-cortisol

act on adrenal cortex

Question 13

gonadotrophs

Answer 13

basophil

produces FSH and LH

+ GnRH

act on gonads

Question 14

thryotrophs

Answer 14

basophil
secrete TSH
stimulate TRH
inhib by somatostatin
act on thyroid

Question 15

Pars intermedia

Answer 15

contains colloid-filled cysts

basophils and chromophobes –> makes MSH (stimulates melanin) and B-endorphin

Question 16

Pars tuberalis

Answer 16

has vessels of portal system

Question 17

Pituatary adenoma affecting growth hormone

Answer 17

causes gigantism and acromegaly (adults)

Question 18

Pituatary adenoma affecting lactotrophs

Answer 18

milk production in non-lactating females

infertility
erectile dysfunction

Question 19

Cushing’s disease

Answer 19

overproduction of ACTH - affecting corticotrophs

Question 20

Pituicytes

Answer 20

cells in the posterior pituatary

glial cells

Question 21

posterior pituatary axons

Answer 21

arise from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalmus

Question 22

Herring bodies

Answer 22

swelling of axons in the posterior pituitary

associated with fenestrated capillaries

contain ADH and oxytocin hormones

Question 23

ADH

Answer 23

from neurons in supraoptic nucleus

released when low blood volume or high blood osmolarity

promote water reabsorption

Question 24

Oxytocin

Answer 24

from paraventricular nucleus
released during labor or by contraction of myoepithilial cells in the breast

Question 25

Adrenal cortex

Answer 25

from intermediate mesoderm produces steroid hormones has three layers: zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 26

Adrenal medulla

Answer 26

from neural crest produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 27

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 27

minarocorticoids guloccorticoids androgens

Question 28

zona glomerulosa

Answer 28

outermost secrete mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) small, basophilic cells stimulated by angiotensin II and weakly ACTH

Question 29

zona fasiculata

Answer 29

middle layer large polyhedral cells in cords secrete glucocorticoids stimulated by ACTH

Question 30

zona reticularis

Answer 30

deepest layer small cells in cords separated with spaces (capillaries) produce weak androgens (DHEA) and some glucocorticoids stimulated by ACTH

Question 31

chromaffin cells

Answer 31

in adrenal medulla large, pale polyhedral cells postganglionic symp neurons secrete epi and norepi

Question 32

Central adenomedullary vein

Answer 32

prominent white space in medulla contraction releases hormones into the blood

Question 33

Thyroid gland

Answer 33

separated into lobules has folliciles filled with colloid

Question 34

colloid

Answer 34

storage of inactive thyroid hormones

Question 35

folicular cells in thyroid gland (princpal/thyrocytes)

Answer 35

line lumen of follicles has short microvillli secrete T3 and T4 stimulated by TSH

Question 36

parafollicular cells (C cells)

Answer 36

large, pale staining secrete calcitonin in response to elevated blood Ca2+ indented nucleus and secretory vesicles

Question 37

T3 and T4

Answer 37

thryoid hormone - stored as colloid t4 more abundant regulate basal metabolism, heat production, contribute to growth and development

Question 38

calcitonin

Answer 38

thyroid hormone - produced from parafollicular cells lower blood ca2+ by promoting Ca deposition in bones supresses osteoclasts

Question 39

goiter

Answer 39

enlargement of thyroid gland can be either hyper or hypo gland

Question 40

hyperthyrodism (graves disease)

Answer 40

weight loss, sweating, tachy eyes bulg out

Question 41

hypothyrodism

Answer 41

weght gain, autoimmune, lack of iodine

Question 42

Parathyroid gland cells

Answer 42

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 43

principal (chief) cells

Answer 43

secrete PTH - small, more of them

Question 44

oxyphil cells

Answer 44

larger, eosinophil no none secretion

Question 45

PTH function

Answer 45

opposite of calcitonin secreted in response to low Ca

Question 46

pineal gland

Answer 46

regulates circadian rhythms secretes melonin, serotin, norepi, dopamine has corpora arencea - brain sand

Question 47

pinealocytes

Answer 47

cells in pineal gland secrete melanin and serotonin

Question 48

corpora arencea

Answer 48

brain sand found in pineal gland