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GIGU Midterm > Histology of the Esophagus and the Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of the Esophagus and the Stomach Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four different layers of the GI tract?

A

the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

which layer of the GI tract varies from region to region?

A

the mucosa

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3
Q

what are the three components of the mucosal layer of the GI tract?

A

the lining epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

what makes up the lamina propria?

A

vascularized loose connective tissue

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5
Q

what is found within the lamina propria?

A

lymphatic nodules and WBCs

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6
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae and what is its role?

A

it is a layer of smooth muscle that moves the mucosal layer that sits directly above it

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7
Q

what is the submucosal layer made up of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue with neurovasculature and lymphatics- glands can also be present in specific parts of the GI tract

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8
Q

what makes up the muscularis/ muscularis externa layer?

A

two layers of smooth muscle

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9
Q

what are the two layers of smooth muscle that make up the muscularis layer of the GI tract?

A

the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

contraction of the circular layer does what?

A

it constricts the lumen

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11
Q

contraction of the longitudinal layer does what?

A

it shortens the tube

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12
Q

how do you get a serosa layer?

A

when the GI tract is suspended by mesentery, the adventitia is covered by mesothelium and that forms the serosa

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13
Q

what are areas without a mesothelium covering called?

A

adventitia

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14
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the different mucosal types?

A

protective, secretory, absorptive, and absorptive/protective

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15
Q

what epithelium makes up the protective mucosa?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia

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16
Q

where is the protective mucosa found?

A

in the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the anal canal

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17
Q

what epithelium makes up the secretory mucosa?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

where is the secretory mucosa found

A

in the stomach

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19
Q

what epithelium makes up the absorptive mucosa?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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20
Q

how is absorptive mucosa arranged?

A

as villi with crypts

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21
Q

where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

small intestine

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22
Q

what epithelium makes up the absorptive/protective mucosa?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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23
Q

how is the absorptive/protective mucosa arranged?

A

closely packed glands with goblet cells

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24
Q

where is the absorptive/protective mucosa found?

A

large intestine

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25
we have two plexus that are responsible for regulating movements and secretions in the GI tract. What are they?
submucosal plexus of Meissner and myenteric plexus of Auerbach
26
where is the submucosal plexus of meissner positioned?
just deep to the submucosal layer of the GI tract- sits in between the submucosal layer and the muscularis layer
27
where is the myenteric plexus of Auerbach positioned?
it sits in between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa
28
what are the enteric plexuses responsible for?
they are responsive to local stimuli and input from the ANS; they regulate and control peristaltic contractions and secretory activities
29
does the esophagus have a serosa layer or an adventitia layer?
both; the thoracic esophagus has adventitia and inferior to the diaphragm the esophagus has a serosa layer
30
what glands are found in the esophagus?
mucosal and submucosal glands produce a thin layer of mucus to lubricate the epithelium
31
what gland is found in the lamina propria of the esophagus?
cardiac esophageal glands- in the terminal esophagus
32
what epithelium is found in the mucosal layer of the esophagus?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
33
what is found within the submucosal layer of the esophagus?
the submucosal venous plexuses
34
what do the submucosal venous plexuses drain into?
the systemic and portal venous systems
35
the submucosal venous plexuses can become inflamed and increase pressure within the portal venous system which can cause what?
esophageal varices
36
what muscle makes up the muscularis layer of the upper third esophagus?
skeletal muscle (striated)
37
what muscle makes up the muscularis layer of the middle third esophagus?
skeletal and smooth muscle
38
what muscle makes up the muscularis muscle of the lower third of the esophagus?
smooth muscle
39
what is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter?
it prevents reflux of gastric contents
40
what is caused by a weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter?
GERD
41
what can GERD cause?
chronic inflammation, ulceration, and dysphagia due to reflux of gastric contents
42
what happens when GERD becomes a chronic issue?
the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is in a transition zone and it will become columnar mucus secreting/ glandular
43
what is the chronic form of GERD known as?
Barrett's esophagus
44
what is the epithelial transition from the esophagus to the stomach known as?
the gastroesophageal junction
45
what does the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium become when transitioning to the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
46
how is the epithelium in the stomach characterized?
glandular, with pits and glands
47
what are the four regions of the stomach?
cardia, fundus, body, and pyloris
48
what is rugae?
longitudinal folds of the gastric mucosa that expand during filling of the stomach
49
what are rugae covered by?
gastric pits, which are openings into gastric glands
50
what is found within the gastric glands?
the different cell types that we need in order to secrete the products necessary to produce our gastric contents
51
where are the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands found in the stomach?
in the lamina propria of the mucosal layer
52
what facilitates the release of the gastric gland secretions?
the muscularis mucosae in the mucosal layer
53
what makes up the muscularis layer of the stomach?
3 layers of smooth muscle: oblique, circular, and longitudinal
54
what forms the pyloric sphincter?
the circular muscle layer thickening in the pyloric region
55
what are the characteristics of the gastric glands?
simple, branched, tubular glands
56
what are the three parts of the gastric glands?
the gastric pit, the isthmus/neck, and the gastric gland (the base)
57
what are the cells that line the gastric glands?
mucosal cells, chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells
58
there are two different types of mucous cells. What are they?
surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells
59
where are surface mucous cells located?
they line the lumen and gastric pits
60
where are the mucous neck cells located?
they are located in the neck of the gastric gland in singles or clusters
61
what do mucous cells secrete?
a mucous layer containing 95% water and 5% mucin
62
what is the purpose of mucous?
it serves as a thick coating that neutralizes the microenvironment to an alkaline pH
63
where are chief (zymogenic) cells located?
they are found in clusters in the inferior 1/3 of gastric glands
64
how can you identify chief cells on a histologic stain?
they have an abundant RER and apical secretory (zymogen) granules; dark staining cytoplasm
65
what do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
66
what is pepsinogen?
the proenzyme that is stored in secretory granules; when it is released it is converted to pepsin by the acidic environment
67
what is the role of pepsinogen/pepsin?
it is a proteolytic enzyme that digests most proteins
68
what is exocytosis of pepsinogen stimulated by?
feeding
69
what else can chief cells produce and what is the role?
gastric lipase, which digests many lipids
70
where are parietal cells found?
they are predominately found near the neck and upper segment of the gastric gland
71
what do parietal cells produce?
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
72
what is intrinsic factor?
a glycoprotein that binds to vitamin B12
73
what are the hallmarks of parietal cells?
large cells, usually round or pyramidal-shaped, one (sometimes two) central round nucleus, cytoplasm is eosinophilic due to increased mitochondria
74
what is the deep invagination of the apical plasma membrane that is found within active parietal cells?
intracellular canaliculus- increases the surface area
75
what are gastric ulcers?
painful erosive lesions of the mucosa that may extend to deeper layers
76
what can cause gastric ulcers?
bacterial infections with H. pylori, effects of NSAIDS, overproduction of HCl or pepsin, and lowered production or secretion of mucus or bicarbonate
77
what are enteroendocrine cells?
scattered epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa with very distinct functions because they produce hormone products
78
what are most enteroendocrine cells?
APUD cells: they process amines
79
what are all of the enteroendocrine cells considered to be a part of?
the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)
80
what are the two types of enteroendocrine cells?
closed type or open type
81
what are the closed type of enteroendocrine cells?
the cellular apex is covered by neighboring epithelial cells and they are not exposed to the GI lumen
82
what are the open type of enteroendocrine cells?
the apical end of the cell contacts the lumen and has chemoreceptors that sample luminal contents
83
what are the general characteristics of pyloric glands?
branched, coiled, tubular glands of the pylorus
84
what are pyloric glands lined by?
mucus-secreting cells with large and pale secretory mucus
85
what do the pyloric glands empty into?
into pits that occupy half of mucosa
86
what do the pyloric glands release?
gastrin from G cells
87
what can be seen in the lamina propria of the pylorus?
lymphoid nodules- GALT

GIGU Midterm (19 decks)

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