Things I Still Don't Know

Question 1

What resides in the lamina propria of the terminal esophagus?

Answer 1

the cardiac esophageal glands

Question 2

what does the lamina propria of the stomach mucosa contain?

Answer 2

the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands

Question 3

what cells are located near to top of the gastric pit/ line the lumen and the gastric pits?

Answer 3

surface mucous cells

Question 4

what is the purpose of the surface mucous cells?

Answer 4

they secrete a thick bi-carbonate rich mucus onto the outer surface of the mucosa

Question 5

what cells are large, eosinophilic due to the increased mitochondria, and are near the neck and the upper segment of the gastric gland?

Answer 5

parietal cells

Question 6

what do the pyloric glands largely release?

Answer 6

gastrin from G cells

Question 7

what makes up the core of the intestinal villi?

Answer 7

loose connective tissue with microvasculature and a lacteal

Question 8

what do paneth cells look like?

Answer 8

they are pink-staining

Question 9

what is the hallmark for identifying the large intestine?

Answer 9

intestinal glands, lots of goblet cells, and NO VILLI

Question 10

what is the gene mutation involved in Hirschprung’s disease?

Answer 10

RET

Question 11

what are the glands that surround the anal orifice?

Answer 11

circumanal glands- large apocrine glands

Question 12

what do the pancreatic acini produce?

Answer 12

serous substance

Question 13

What happens to the hepatic stellate cells during liver cirrhosis?

Answer 13

they are stimulated by various signals to increase the synthesis of extracellular matrix material

Question 14

what is the median umbilical fold?

Answer 14

fold due to obliterated urachus

Question 15

what is the medial umbilical fold?

Answer 15

fold due to the obliterated umbilical arteries

Question 16

what is the lateral umbilical fold?

Answer 16

fold due to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 17

what makes up Hasselbach’s triangle?

Answer 17

inguinal ligament. lateral border of the rectus abdominis, and the later umbilical ligament (fold)

Question 18

where does a direct hernia occur?

Answer 18

inferior to the conjoint tendon and medial to the lateral umbilical ligament (fold)

Question 19

examples of secondaily retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 19

ascending/descending colon, duodenum, and bulk of pancreas

Question 20

what is the embryological derivation of heaptocytes?

Answer 20

endoderm

Question 21

what is the embryological derivation of bile ducts or hepatic ducts?

Answer 21

endoderm

Question 22

what is the embryological derivation of stromal cells, Kupffer, and stellate cells?

Answer 22

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 23

what is the presentation of malrotation/ non-rotation of midgut?

Answer 23

left-sided colon and right-sided SIs; formation of fibrous Ladd bands

Question 24

what is the presentation of reverse gut rotation?

Answer 24

the duodenum ends up anterior to the transverse colon

Question 25

where is the suspensory ligament of Treitz found?

Answer 25

at the fourth part of the duodenum, and the duodenojenal junction

Question 26

where does the caudate lobe sit?

Answer 26

between the IVC and the falciform ligament

Question 27

where does the quadrate lobe sit?

Answer 27

between the gallbladder and the falciform ligament

Question 28

what are the ligamentum teres hepatis and the round ligament a remnant of?

Answer 28

the left umbilical vein

Question 29

what is the portal tried surrounded by?

Answer 29

the hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 30

what are the major abdominal foregut arteries off the celiac trunk?

Answer 30

common hepatic, splenic, left gastric

Question 31

what are the branches of the common hepatic artery?

Answer 31

gastroduodenal, right gastric, hepatic artery proper

Question 32

what are the branches off the gastroduodenal artery?

Answer 32

right gastro-omental artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, supradupdenal artery

Question 33

what are the branches off the hepatic artery proper?

Answer 33

right and left hepatic artery and the cystic artery

Question 34

what are the branches off the splenic artery?

Answer 34

short gastric artery, left-gastroomental artery, pancreatic branches

Question 35

what branches off the left gastric artery?

Answer 35

esophageal branch

Question 36

whenever CCK is released from the duodenum, what is its effect on the stomach?

Answer 36

it is going to limit the contraction of the stomach and increase the distensibility

Question 37

what hormones increase the action potentials and force of gastric contractions?

Answer 37

gastrin and motilin

Question 38

what hormones decrease the action potentials and force of the gastric contractions?

Answer 38

secretin and GIP

Question 39

What effect do segmentation contractions in the intestine have on gastric emptying?

Answer 39

they are going to inhibit gastric emptying

Question 40

when the duodenum senses acid, what does it secrete?

Answer 40

secretin

Question 41

when the duodenum senses fats, what does it secrete?

Answer 41

CCK and GIP

Question 42

when the duodenum senses amino acids/ peptides, what does it secrete?

Answer 42

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Question 43

what are the effects of secretin, CCK, and GIP on gastric emptying?

Answer 43

they will decrease gastric emptying

Question 44

what plays a significant role in the migrating motor complex (MMC)?

Answer 44

motilin

Question 45

what effect does serotonin have on intestinal contractions?

Answer 45

it stimulates it

Question 46

what effect does epinephrine released from the adrenal glands have on intestinal contraction?

Answer 46

inhibits contractions

Question 47

what is the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?

Answer 47

pelvic splanchnic nerve

Question 48

what is the innervation of the external anal sphincter?

Answer 48

somatic pudendal nerve

Question 49

what is the rectosphincteric reflex?

Answer 49

as the rectum fills with feces the smooth muscle wall of the rectum contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes

Question 50

what is an example of a non-absorbable bile-acid binding resin?

Answer 50

cholestyramine

Question 51

what induces the increase of the rate of bile acid synthesis?

Answer 51

7-alpha hydroxylase

Question 52

how does the elimination of tylenol normally occur?

Answer 52

through the conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate

Question 53

what happens when the capacity for normal conjugation of tylenol is overwhelmed?

Answer 53

it is oxidized by the liver CYP3A4 to NABQ1

Question 54

what is NABQ1 normally detoxified by?

Answer 54

glutathione

Question 55

what can be given as an antidote to acetaminophen poisoning?

Answer 55

N-acetyl cysteine

Question 56

what is the effect of CCK on the pancreas?

Answer 56

CCK is going to induce the release of pancreatic enzymes into the duodenal lumen

Question 57

what is the effect of secretin on the pancreas?

Answer 57

it is going to induce the secretion of HCO3- from the pancreatic cells into the duodenum

Question 58

what is the correlation of insulin and NAFLD?

Answer 58

elevated insulin stimulates hepatic lipid deposition through de novo lipogenesis

Question 59

what effect does somatostatin have on insulin secretion?

Answer 59

inhibits it

Question 60

which cellular mechanism is responsible for insulin independent translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?

Answer 60

AMP kinase activation

Question 61

what is PYY released by?

Answer 61

L cells of the ileum and the colon

Question 62

what is the action of PYY?

Answer 62

it is going to inhibit NPY neurons and it is going to release the inhibition of the POMC neurons

Question 63

what effect does glucagon have on food intake?

Answer 63

reduces food intake

Question 64

how does bile get from the portal circulation into the hemaptocytes?

Answer 64

either NTCP or OATPs

Question 65

how does bile get from the lumen into the enterocyte?

Answer 65

ASBT

Question 66

how doe bile get out of the enterocyte and into the portal circulation?

Answer 66

OST-alpha or-beta

Question 67

how does bile get from the hepatocyte into the bile canaliculus?

Answer 67

either BSEP or MRP2