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Medicine Unit 5 > Histology of the muscle > Flashcards

Histology of the muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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2
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

locomotion
posture maintenance
muscle tone
heat generation
joint stability
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
peristalsis
cardiac motion and contractility

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3
Q

transverse Tubule

A

Well developed in skeletal and cardiac muscles to transport calcium (absent in smooth muscle)

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4
Q

intercalated disk

A

Specialized intercellular junction that is only present in cardiac muscle

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5
Q

control

A

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control‚ smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control

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6
Q

types of skeletal muscle

A

parallel
convergent
pennate
circular

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7
Q

label the image

A
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8
Q

types of connective tissue sheaths

A

epimysium
perimysium and fascicles
endomysium

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9
Q

epimysium

A

overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

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10
Q

perimysium and fascicles

A

within each skeletal muscle the fibers are grouped into fascicles that resemble bundles of sticks
surrounding each fascicle is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue perimysium

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11
Q

endomysium

A

sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre and is connective tissue in nature

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12
Q

what is in the image and from which view

A

cross section of skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what is in the image and from which view

A

cross section of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

skeletal muscle in cross section

A

hexagonal profile with individual cells moulded together
nucleic beneath cell membrane
fibrocollagenous septa contain blood vessels

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15
Q

what is in the image and from which view

A

skeletal muscle in a longitudinal view

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16
Q

skeletal muscle in longitudinal view

A

shows prominent cross striations
dark bands termed A bands and light are termed I bands
correspond to the arrangement of thick and thin filaments in myofibrils
nuclei appear as elongated structures beneath cell membrane, each fibre has many nuclei

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17
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

the region of myofibril between 2 successive Z discs
smallest contractile unit of a muscle fibre

18
Q

what are the two different bands

A

dark and light
A and I

19
Q

dark band

A

A bands
has lighter region in midsection called H zone

20
Q

H zone

A

bisected vertical by dark line called M line
M for middle

21
Q

light band

A

I band
has a midline interruption called Z disc or Z line

22
Q

where are I bands found

A

thin filaments

23
Q

where are H zones found

A

thick filaments only q

24
Q

where is the M line found

A

thick filaments linked by accessory proteins

25
Q

outer edge of the A bands

A

thick and thin filaments overlap

26
Q

what is a motor endplate

A

specialised chemical synapses formed at the sites where the terminal branches of the axon of a motor neuron contact a target muscle cell.

27
Q

action of the motor end plate

A

activation causes release of acetylcholine from storage granules by exocytosis
then diffuses across gap between axon and muscle fibre and interacts with specific membrane receptors to cause depolarisation of muscle fibre
initiates contraction
activity of secreted acetylcholine is curtailed by activity of acetylcholinesterase
bound to basement membrane
hydrolyses acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline
specialised motor axons innervate fibres in the muscle spindle

28
Q

myasthenia graves

A

autoimmune disease
antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors
prevent acetylcholine from interacting with receptors causing depolarisation
develop muscle weakness manifested by fatiguability, unable to lift arms
failure to maintain upright posture of head and drooping of eyelids
treatment is by administration of anticholinesterases
potentiates action of acetylcholine and allows it to bind to receptors not blocked by antibody

29
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

deficiency of dystrophin
genetic disorder
dystrophin encoded by gene on short arm of X chromosome Xp21
linked to cytoplasmic side of sarcolemma of muscle fibre
rapid progression of skeletal muscle degeneration
mainly young boys
muscle weakness and wasting

30
Q

what is in the image

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy
lack of dystrophin results in damage to skeletal muscle cell membrane with eventual death of muscle fibers
dead muscle cells replaced y fat cells
muscle fibres are of various diameters

31
Q

what is in the image

A

longitudinal section of cardiac muscle cells
contain 1 or 2 nucleus
extensive eosinophilic cytoplasm
gives 3d appearance
elongated nuclei central located

32
Q

what is in the image

A

transverse section of cardiac muscle

33
Q

what is in the image

A

ID are intercalated disks
cross section under polarised light

34
Q

what is in the amigo and what are the red lines

A

intercalated discs
longitudinal section of cardiac muscle

35
Q

what is in the image

A

transverse section of cardiac muscle

36
Q

what is in the image

A

longitudinal section of smooth muscle
can see serosa and elongated nuclei but there’s no striations

37
Q

what is in the image

A

cross section of smooth muscle

38
Q

skeletal muscle summary

A

Striations
Long cylindrical unbranched fibres
Multinucleated peripheral nuclei
No cell junctions
Highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum with termina cisterns
Regeneration with satellite cells

39
Q

cardiac muscle summary

A

Striations
Short branch anastomosing fibres
Uninucleated, central
Intercalated discs cell junctions
Small cisterns and less well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
Not able to regenerate

40
Q

smooth muscle summary

A

No striations
Short spindle shaped fibres
Uninucleated, central
Gap junctions and adherents junctions
Poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
Regeneration by mitosis

41
Q

what are satellite cells

A

are adult myogenic stem cells that repair damaged muscle. - produce myoblasts that can replace damaged fibers
- undergo self-reneweal

Medicine Unit 5 (14 decks)

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