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Histology practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

why are lymphocytes smaller than nerve cells

A

they aren’t yet differentiated, so are less metabolically active, once differentiated they become bigger and more metabolically active. Nerve cells are already differentiated

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2
Q

why do lymphocytes have relatively little cytoplasm compared to the size of the nucleus

A

they are a dormant cell type and are awaiting a stimulus and once challenged they become larger with more cytoplasm and more metabolically active

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3
Q

what does a fusiform cell look like

A

Spindle shaped/elliptical e.g. muscle cells

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4
Q

what is thin slice/section slide preparation

A
  1. thin slice/section - most common, fixed in aqueous solution of formaldehyde, then embedded in paraffin (extraction of water and number of other substances from tissue), thin slice = 4 microns thick, then stained, slices are smaller than cells so hard to imagine the 3D element (slices through the cells)
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5
Q

what is smear slide preparation

A

done with solids and liquids, whole cell instead of slice through cells. Slide cover is placed at an angle so the drop of e.g. blood is touching it, the slide cover is then moved in the direction of the obtuse angle

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6
Q

What does the dye haematoxylin stain

A

Stains nuclei blue and will also stain acidic substances e.g. RNA and DNA violet

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7
Q

What does the dye Eosin stain

A

Stains cytoplasm and extracellular fibres pink

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8
Q

What colour does watery extra-cellular jelly go when stained

A

it doesn’t stain so is just white

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9
Q

What does the dye Periodic acid shift (PAS) stain

A

sugars - stains them magenta

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10
Q

What does the dye Van Gieson stain

A

Elastic fibres - stains them brown (looks like brown bands)

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11
Q

what does trichrome dyes stain

A

Collagen - goes blue
Nuclei - go dark brown
Muscle tissue - goes red
cytoplasm - pink

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12
Q

what does the dye Alcian blue stain

A

Mucins - go blue

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13
Q

What are polygonal shaped cells

A

they are cells which have been squashed together and so are irregularly shaped

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14
Q

What are cuboidal shaped cells

A

they appear square in 2D and cuboidal in 3D

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15
Q

what are squamous shaped cells

A

they look like thin plates or fish scales under the microscope

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16
Q

what are columnar shaped cells

A

they are arranged in rectangular columns in 2D, in 3D they can be in hexagonal columns

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17
Q

what are bigger metabolically active or inactive

A

active

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18
Q

what is the life span of cells lining the gut

A

3-5 days

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19
Q

what is the life span of cells in the blood erythrocytes

A

120 days

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20
Q

what is the life span of cells in the skin

A

2 - 4 weeks

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21
Q

what is the life span of cells in the connective tissues

A

years

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22
Q

what is the life span of bone cells

A

10-50 years

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23
Q

what is the life span of skeletal muscle cells

A

can last your entire life but most don’t on average they last between 10-16 years

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24
Q

what is the lifespan of nerve and cardiac muscle cells

A

the organisms entire lifespan

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25
what is the life span of germ cells
the organisms entire lifespan
26
what is chromatin and what are the 2 types
Nuclear DNA wrapped around proteins called histones to make nucleosomes, many nucleosomes in a chain make a chromatin fibre many chromatin fibres make chromatin. the two types are euchromatin and heterochromatin. Heterochromatin appears darker under the microscope and is transciptionally inactive, euchromatin appears lighter and is transcriptionally active
27
what does the nucleolus do and how big is it
1-3 microns in diameter and is the site of ribosomal RNA formation
28
what do the different parts and internal compartments of the mitochondria do
-outer membrane - lipid synthesis and fatty acid metabolism -inner membrane - respiratory chain ATP production -matrix - Krebs cycle -Intermembranous space - nucleotide phosphorylation -the mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation
29
what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do
protein synthesis
30
what happens at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- lipid synthesis - synthesised proteins are processed
31
what happens at the Golgi apparatus and what does it look like
- it processes macro-molecules which have been synthesised at the ER - the cis face is nuclear facing and receives vesicles from the SER and phosphorylates some proteins - the trans face is membrane facing and is the site of proteolysis and sorts macro-molecules into vesicles - the Golgi is most prominent in plasma cells where it is a perinuclear Hoff - the central part of the Golgi forms oligosaccharrides by adding sugars to lipids and peptides
32
what is the role of vesicles
- they are used for transport, storage and exchanging between compartments
33
what are the different types of vesicle
- cell surface derived pino and phagocytotic - Golgi derived transport - Lysosomes (contains acid hydrolases which degrade proteins) - endolysosomes (hydrolase vesicles fuse with endosomes with the correct surface proteins), these can lower the pH of an environment and contain enzymes that work better at lower pH - peroxisomes (enzymes for long chain fatty acids)
34
what is the order of filaments in the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments (actin) -> intermediate filaments -> microtubules (tubulin) arranged in groups of 13 to make hollow tubes
35
what protein is in epithelial cells
Cytokeratin
36
what protein is in muscle cells / myocytes
Desmin
37
what protein is in Astrocytic glial cells
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
38
what protein is in neurons
neurofilament protein
39
what protein is in the nucleus of all cells
nuclear laminin
40
what protein is in mesodermal cells
Vimentin
41
what is lipofuscin
Lipofuscin is the name given to fine yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion It is considered to be one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, retina, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells
42
what is the fluid inbetween cells called
interstitial fluid made up of water, salt, peptides and proteins
43
what are the different types of tissues
- Epithelia - muscle - Supporting/connective tissue e.g. cartilage, bone, tendons, blood _nervous
44
what are the different types of tissue
- Epithelia - Muscle - Supporting/connective tissue - Nervous
45
what are the different types of tissue
- Epithelia - Muscle - Supporting/connective tissue - Nervous
46
what are germ cells
ova or sperm
47
what shape are the nuclei of simple columnar epithelia
Spheroidal - the longer axis is perpendicular to the base of the cell
48
what are the 2 specialisations that simple columnar epithelia can have on their apical surfaces
microvilli or cilia
49
where are microvilli found
on the apical surface of the epithelia in the gut
50
where are cilia found
on the apical surface of epithelia in the respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes
51
what is a brush border
what intestinal villi are often referred to because they are too fine to be resolved individually
52
what is the average number of cilia per epithelial cell
300
53
what shape are cuboidal epithelium cells
they are square in profile with a round nucleus
54
what shape are simple squamous epithelial cells
the thinnest type consisting of a single layer of cells with cylindrical/elliptical nuclei whose long axis lie parallel to the bases of the cells
55
where are simple squamous epithelial cells found
they form the pleural and peritoneal membranes lining the chest and abdomen, similar cells line the air sacs of the lungs
56
where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found
they form the ducts of many exocrine glands, they have a regular shape and a round nucleus
57
where are compound (stratified) epithelia found
they line the mouth, throat, oesophagus, anus and vagina (non-keratinised), in its kertainised form it also makes up the epidermal layer of the skin
58
what are the 3 types of junctions between epithelial cells and what are their roles
occluding (these link the cells to form an impermeable barrier, also known as tight junctions), anchoring (link cells to provide mechanical strength, also known as desmosomes) and communicating (allow movement of molecules between cells, also known as gap junctions)
59
what are the main types of secretory cells
simple tubular, coiled tubular, Acinus, branched tubulo-acinar
60
what intermediate layer in the epithelium stains blue and why
the granular layer because they contain large numbers of kerato-hyaline granules which are precursors to keratin
61
in which layer of the epidermis are desmosomes (anchor junctions) most promient
the prickle cell layer i.e. the layer directly above the basal layer – during tissue processing the cells shrink but they remain attached, so the attachment points look like spikes
62
what is the main purpose of tight (occluding) junctions in the epidermal lining of the gut
to hold the cells together to prevent large molecules from passing through and gaining access to the body, it creates a membrane which only selective absorption can occur across
63
what is the role of gap (communication) junctions in intestinal epithelia
they permit the quick passage of small molecules between cells, thereby synchronising the activity of the whole epithelium

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