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Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

what does the vertebral column protect

A

spinal cord

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2
Q

what does cranial mean

A

‘head end’

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3
Q

what does caudal mean

A

tail end

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4
Q

what does rostral mean

A

towards the face

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5
Q

what does the CNS comprise of

A

the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system comprise of

A

all nervous tissue outside the CNS - primarily nerves

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7
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

nerves arising from the brain

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8
Q

what are spinal nerves

A

nerves arising from the spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary activities under conscious control

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10
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary activities - not under conscious control

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11
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

largest part of brain - has left and right hemispheres (connected)

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12
Q

what is the surface of the cerebrum called

A

cerebral cortex - has a grey appearance

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13
Q

where is information processed

A

grey matter

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14
Q

what are the folds in the cerebral cortex called

A

gyri (singular gyrus)

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15
Q

what are the grooves in between the gyri called

A

sulci (singular sulcus)

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16
Q

what happens in the white matter

A

information is transmitted through bundles of fibres

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17
Q

what is a nucleus in the CNS

A

a collection of cell bodies

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18
Q

what are the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere called

A

frontal (at the front), parietal (inbetween the occipital and frontal), occipital (at the back) and temporal (underneath)- named after the bones of the skull that over lie them

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19
Q

what part of the brain lies inferior to the posterior (occipital) part of the brain

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

what is the cerebellum composed of

A

a left and right hemisphere, highly folded cortex, contains white matter and nuclei

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21
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

balance, coordination and movement

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22
Q

what is the role of the brain stem

A

relays info between cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum
- it gives rise to most of the cranial nerves
- contains centres that regulate breathing and consciousness

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23
Q

where is the spinal cord

A

it is continuous with the medulla of the brainstem - it is protected by the vertebral column - it is much shorter than the vertebral column and ends around L1 - L2

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24
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord

A

31 - they carry info between the cord (CNS) and the periphery (e.g.skin, muscles). Each pair corresponds to a spinal cord segment

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25
what kind of matter is in the spinal cord
grey matter made up of neuronal cell bodies, this is surrounded by white matter which contains tracts - bundles of axons that connect different parts of the CNS to each other
26
what are the cavities in the brain called
ventricles (there are 4), they are continuous with each other and filled with cerebrospinal fluid
27
what does the cerebrospinal fluid do
it surrounds the brain and spinal cord - it provides nutrients to the brain - it cushions the brain against trauma - prevents delicate nerves and vessels from being compressed between the brain and then internal surface of the skull
28
what are the 3 meningeal layers
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
29
what does the dura mater do
lines inner surface of the skull and vertebral column - thick and strong
30
what does the arachnoid mater do
lies deep into the dura, thin and loosely encloses the brain and spinal cord
31
what does the pia mater do
lies deep into the arachnoid - it is adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord - very thin - cant see with naked eye
32
what do the meninges do
protect the brain and provide a scaffold for blood vessels
33
what arteries supply the brain
the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries
34
where and what is the circle of Willis
on the inferior surface of the cerebrum the arteries give rise to branches that form and interconnected ring (Circle of Willis)
35
what is anastomosis
where branches from separate arteries unite with each other - circle of willis is an example - allows for blood supply to an area to be maintained if one of the vessels gets blocked
36
what arteries does the circle of willis give rise to
3 cerebral arteries which supply the hemispheres, cerebellar arteries which supply the cerebellum, and arteries that supply the spinal cord
37
what arteries connect the cerebral arteries to each other
communicating arteries
38
what is the area called that an artery supplies
territory
39
what does the somatic nervous system control
skeletal muscle and sensory receptors
40
what does the autonomic nervous system control
smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle
41
what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic NS - fight and flight parasympathetic - rest and digest the sensory component of the ANS conveys info from the internal environment from the viscera to the CNS - but it doesnt reach our conscious perception
42
what are viscera
organs
43
what is another name for sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
visceral efferent nerves because they leave the CNS and travel to the periphery
44
what are some example of reactions to stimuli that the sympathetic NS causes
- fight, flight, fright, freeze - heart rate increases - bronchi dilate - peripheral blood vessels constrict so blood is diverted to skeletal muscles - pupils dilate - hair stands on end - sweat glands are stimulated
45
what are some example of reactions to stimuli that the parasympathetic NS causes
- Rest and digest - heart rate decreases - bronchi constrict - glands stimulated - gut activity is stimulated (peristalsis) - pupils constrict
46
where are sympathetic first neuron bodies found
in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord
47
where are parasympathetic first neuron bodies found
in the brain stem and sacral spinal cord
48
what happens once the parasympathetic and Sympathetic axons leave the CNS
they synapse with a second neuron whose cell body lies in a Ganglion (a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS)
49
what is a preganglionic neuron
the first neuron whose axon leaves the CNS to synapse with another neuron whose body is in the ganglion
50
what is a postganglionic neuron
this is the neuron whose cell body lies in the ganglion, postganglionic neurons travel to target organs
51
what lengths are the post and pre ganglionic axons in the ParaSNS and SymNS
- the SymNS has a short preganglionic axon and a long postganglionic axon - the ParaSNS has a long preganglionic axon and a short postganglionic axon
52
which is more widely distributed SymNS or ParaSNS
the sympathetic system is far more widely distributed than the parasympathetic - this is because they have to reach hair follicles and sweat glands so have to reach all parts of the body
53
Why are sensory autonomic fibres also called visceral afferent fibres
because they convey information from the viscera back to the CNS
54
what do sensory autonomic fibres do
- they monitor our internal environment e.g. blood pressure and send info to CNS, these elicit reflex responses (unconcious) which maintain the internal environment
55
what do sensory autonomic fibres do
- they monitor our internal environment e.g. blood pressure and send info to CNS, these elicit reflex responses (unconscious) which maintain the internal environment - they send information back about distention, stretch spasm or ischaemia of viscera that causes pain or discomfort - this does reach consciousness - Visceral afferents travel back to the CNS along paths of the sympathetic and PS nerves
56
what is ischaemia
when blood flow (and so oxygen) is reduced or restricted to parts of the body
57
how many pairs of cranial nerve pairs are there
12, they are numbered from I to XII `
58
where do the cranial nerves serve
the head and neck
59
they exit the skull by leaving through holes in the base of the skull called what
foramina (singular foramen)
60
what are cranial nerve nuclei
collections of cell bodies associate with the cranial nerves found in the brainstem
61
are the cranial nerves part of the peripheral NS
yes - they leave the CNS and travel to the periphery
62
can cranial nerves have more than one type of nerve fibre
yes - some are purely sensory and some are purely motor, some carry both sensory and motor fibres and some carry parasympathetic fibres
63
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
64
how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there
8 - C1 to C8
65
how many pairs of throacic spinal nerves are there
12 - T1 to T12
66
how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there
5 - L1 to L5
67
how many pairs of sacral spian lnerves are there
5 - S1 to S5
68
how many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there
1 - Co1
69
what kind of nervous fibre do spinal nerves carry
- somatic motor fibres from CNS to body - sympathetic fibres (autonomic motor) from the CNS to the body - somatic sensory fibres from the body to the CNS
70
how do nerves exit the spinal cord
they pass through gaps formed between adjacent vertebrae called the intervertebral foramina
71
where do the cell bodies of the motor neurons lie
in the ventral horn of the spinal cord (grey matter)
72
what is the ventral (motor) root of the spinal nerve
when the axons leave the cord via a series of rootlets which merge together to form this, these motor fibres stimulate the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle
73
where do the cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons lie
in the dorsal root ganglia - visible with naked eye as small swellings- instead of having one axon they have 2 processes, one that projects peripherally into the spinal cord and one that projects centrally into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (grey matter)
74
what is the pathway of information traveling from peripheral receptors (in the skin)
goes towards the dorsal root ganglia via the spinal nerve and then from the DRG to the dorsal horn via a series of rootlets
75
what do all 31 pairs of spinal nerves contain
sympathetic fibres - these stimulate sweat glands and the contraction of smooth muscle in peripheral blood vessels and hair follicles
76
what is a dermatome
the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve - see dermatome maps e.g. C6 spinal nerve has sensation over the thumb and part of the forearm
77
what is a myotome
the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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