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IMMS > Introduction to musculoskeletal anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the torso

A

central part of the body including thorax, abdomen and pelvis

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2
Q

what is the thorax

A

upper part of the torso from the bottom of the neck to the diaphragm

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3
Q

what is the abdomen

A

central part of torso between the diaphragm and the top of the pelvic bones

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4
Q

what is the pelvis

A

lowest part of the torso between the abdomen and the start of the lower limbs - the bony ring in the pelvic region is also called the pelvis

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5
Q

what is the arm

A

from the torso to the elbow

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6
Q

what is the forearm

A

from the elbow to the wrist

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7
Q

what is the thigh

A

from the pelvis to the knee ( the upper part of the lower limb )

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8
Q

what is the leg

A

from the knee to the ankle (the middle part of the lower limb)

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9
Q

what does superior mean

A

above - brain is superior to the heart

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10
Q

what does inferior mean

A

below - pelvis is inferior to the abdomen

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11
Q

what does anterior/ventral mean

A

front - the nose is anterior to the ears

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12
Q

what does posterior/dorsal mean

A

back - spine is posterior to the sternum

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13
Q

what does medial mean

A

closer to the central line of the body - the big toe is medial to the little toe

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14
Q

what does lateral mean

A

further away from the centre line of the body - the thumb is lateral to the palm

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15
Q

what does proximal mean

A

closer to the origin - the elbow is proximal to the wrist

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16
Q

what does distal mean

A

further away from the origin - the toes are distal to the knee

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17
Q

what does Ipsilateral mean

A

on the same side of the body - the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral to each other

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18
Q

what does contralateral mean

A

the opposite side of the body - the right arm and left leg are contalateral to each other

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19
Q

what does deep mean

A

further away from the surface - the heart is deep to the sternum

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20
Q

what does superficial mean

A

closer to the surface - the skin is superficial to muscle

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21
Q

what is a supine position

A

lying down f\flat on your back face up

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22
Q

what does prone mean

A

lying down on front facing down

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23
Q

what does cranial mean

A

towards the head - the brain is cranial to the spinal cord

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24
Q

what does caudal mean

A

towards the tail - the pelvis is caudal to the abdomen

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25
Q

what does rostral mean

A

towards the face - the frontal lobe is rostral to the occipital lobe

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26
Q

what is the coronal anatomical plane

A

this plane cuts a structure into an anterior and posterior part (front and back)

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27
Q

what is the sagittal anatomical plane

A

this plane cuts a structure into a left and right down the centre line

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28
Q

what is a parasaggital anatomical plane

A

refers to a cut in the saggital plane but when it is parallel to the central line so the incision is not down the centre of the structure but off to the side

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29
Q

what is the axial anatomical plane

A

also known as horizontal or transverse, this cuts a structure into a superior and inferior part

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30
Q

what are the axial parts of the skeleton

A

the central or core parts: the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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31
Q

what are the appendicular parts of the skeleton

A

the bones of the limbs including the shoulder blades (scaulae), collar bones (clavicles) and the pelvic girdle

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32
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

most common joint, narrow synovial cavity separates the articular surfaces of the bones, it contains synovial fluid enclosed in a joint capsule

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33
Q

what are the 2 layers in the joint capsule of a synovial joint

A

an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane

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34
Q

what are the articular surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint covered in

A

hyaline cartilage

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35
Q

examples of synovial joints

A

they allow a lot of movement so: shoulder, knee and wrist joints

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36
Q

what are fibrous joints and example

A

connect 2 bones together with strong fibrous tissue, there is very little movement e.g. the joints between the individual bones of the skull (sutures)

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37
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

primary and secondary

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38
Q

what are primary cartilaginous joints and example

A

they are connected to each other with hyaline cartilage allowing some flexibility e.g. where ribs meet the sternum

39
Q

what are secondary cartilaginous joints and example

A

connected to each other by fibrocartilage, and a large layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the bones, flexible and strong and can take a lot of weight e.g. between the vertebrae in the spine

40
Q

what is a ball and socket joint and an example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)

A

the end of the bone is shaped like a ball and the end of the other bone is like a bowl that it fits inside, the better the fit the better the stability and less degredation/dislocation. e.g. hip joint

41
Q

what is a hinge joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)

A

allow significant range of movement but only in one plane e.g. elbows and knees

42
Q

what is a pivot joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)

A

allows rotational movement only - found at the top of the spine between the first and second vertebrae (C1 and C2)

43
Q

what is a saddle joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)

A

like a rider on a saddle they permit movement in 2 planes e.g. at the base of thumb where the metacarpal articulates with one of the carpal bones

44
Q

Condyloid joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)

A

like a ball and socket joint but the ball is oval, there is a good range of movement but only in 2 planes e.g. the knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints)

45
Q

what is a plane joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)

A

the articular surfaces are almost flat and glide against one another - movement is limited and is dictated by surrounding bones e.g. the joint between the shoulder blades

46
Q

what is a ligament

A

a band of fibrous connective tissue attaching bone to bone, they stretch and over time can be stretched further to allow greater joint movement

47
Q

what is a sprain

A

when a ligament is overstretched causing injury. overstretched and torn ligaments may never return to their original shape or may become permanently lax leading to joint instability

48
Q

what does the movement description flexion mean

A

bending

49
Q

what does the movement description extension mean

A

straightening

50
Q

what does the movement description lateral flexion mean

A

bending sideways - unique to the vertebral column

51
Q

what does the movement description abduction mean

A

movement away from the midline

52
Q

what does the movement description adduction mean

A

movement towards the midline

53
Q

what does the movement description internal rotation mean

A

rotating around an axis towards the midline (medial rotation)

54
Q

what does the movement description External rotation mean

A

rotation around an axis away from the midline (lateral rotation)

55
Q

what does the movement description pronation mean

A

internal rotation of the radius so that our palm is facing posteriorly (facing down) - this is unique to the forearm

56
Q

what does the movement description supination mean

A

external rotation of the radius so that our palm is facing anteriorly (facing down)

57
Q

what does the movement description opposition mean

A

flexion and rotation of the thumb or little finger so they can reach each other

58
Q

what does the movement description circumduction mean

A

combination of flexion, extention, abduction and adduction such that the appendage (a projecting part of an invertebrate) trace a circular pattern

59
Q

what does the movement description dorsiflection mean

A

the foot and toes move superiorly towards the shin

60
Q

what does the movement description plantarflexion

A

foot and toes move inferiorly away from the shin

61
Q

what does the movement description inversion mean

A

medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces medially

62
Q

what does the movement description eversion mean

A

medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces laterally

63
Q

what does the movement description protration mean

A

moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly

64
Q

what does the movement description retraction mean

A

moving the scapula or mandible posteriorly

65
Q

what does the movement description elevation mean

A

moving the scapula or mandible superiorly

66
Q

what does the movement description depression mean

A

moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly

67
Q

what are the 3 different classifications of muscles

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

68
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

found throughout the body - provide support for joints, the skeleton and some soft tissues, they are under voluntary control. the fibres are striated

69
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

located in walls of blood vessels and internal organs, involuntarily controlled but autonomic nervous system. the fibres are not striated

70
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

found in the heart, it is involuntarily controlled. they respond (contract) to electrical impulses spontaneously generated by cells within the heart. the fibres are striated

71
Q

what connects skeletal muscle to bone

A

tendons

72
Q

what are tendons

A

they are composed of strong connective tissue and many are rounded like a cord. some form flat sheets called aponeuroses

73
Q

what is the insertion

A

the part of the bone that moves when a joint is moved by muscle contraction

74
Q

what is the origin

A

the part of the bone that doesn’t move when a joint is being moved by muscle contraction

75
Q

do parallel skeletal muscles look like

A

the fibres are aligned parallel to each other - can shorten significantly and quickly but less powerful than pennate muscles

76
Q

what are the 2 sub types of parallel skeletal muscle

A
  • fusiform (spindle shaped and often have a long tendon at each end, the muscle belly bulges out in the middle e.g. biceps brachii
  • strap (belt shaped and relatively uniform in width along the belly e.g. sartorius in the thigh)
77
Q

what shape are convergent skeletal muscles

A

fan shaped, have broad attachment at one end with fibres converging to a much smaller attachment the other end

78
Q

what shape are circular skeletal muscles

A

the fibres are arranged in concentric rings and often called sphincters - when contracted they close the ring

79
Q

what shape are pennate skeletal muscles

A

fibres arranged at an angle to the direction in which the muscle acts - they cannot shorten as much as parallel but are more powerful

80
Q

what are the 3 sub types of pennate skeletal muscles

A

Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

81
Q

what shape are unipennate skeletal muscles

A

fibres arrnaged diagonally in relation to tendon and insert onto only one side of the tendon

82
Q

what shape are bipennate skeletal muscles

A

fibres arranged in a V shape and insert onto both sides of the tendon - looks like a feather

83
Q

what shape are multipennate skeletal muscles

A

look like multiple bipennate muscles all side by side and attached onto one tendon

84
Q

what are similarities between the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs

A

a ball and socket joint where the limb meets the torso, one large bone in the proximal part (humerus and femur), a hinge joint separating the proximal and middle parts (elbow and knee), 2 bones in the middle section (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula), collection of small bones at the start of the distal part (carpal and tarsal bones), five digits, one significantly larger digit, most of the muscle mass is located proximally (arm and thigh)

85
Q

name bones and joints in the arm starting with shoulder blade

A

clavicle, scapula, shoulder joint, humerus, elbow joint, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges

86
Q

name bones and joints in the leg starting with the pelvis

A

Pelvis, hip joint, femur, knee joint, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges

87
Q

what is the order of the types of vertebrae and how many of each in the vertebral column

A

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4)

88
Q

name the different parts of a vertebrae

A

the vertebral body, above that the spinal canal, then the pedicles connecting the body to the lamina, 3 processes called the transverse processes (2 on the outside) and the spinous process (the one in the middle). there is also articulation for the vertebra above

89
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae

A

a bifid (two-pronged) spinous process, an oval shaped body and holes in the transverse processes

90
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae

A

long, sharp downward sloping spinous processes which overlap the vertebra below, heart shaped bodies

91
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae

A

short blunt spinous processes and large oval shaped bodies to support the bodies weight

92
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the sacral vertebrae

A

fused to the sacrum, triangular shaped bone, sits in the posterior midline and articulates with the left and right hip to form the pelvis

93
Q

what are the distinguishing features of the coccygeal

A

fused to form the coccyx, is the reminants of what used to be a tail

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