HISTOPATHOLOGY

Question 1

● Involves different procedures that have been adopted for the preparation of materials and tissue for microscopic
examination

Answer 1

HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES

Question 2

12 STEPS IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC
TECHNIQUES:

Answer 2

1. Numbering
2. Fixation
3. Dehydration
4. Clearing
5. Wax impregnation
6. Embedding
7. Blocking
8. Trimming
9. Sectioning
   10.Staining
   11.Mounting
   12.Labeling

Question 3

● Validates if the specimen is adequate or good for tissue processing
● 1st person that will receive the specimen and put it into the container

Answer 3

RECEPTIONIST

Question 4

Container: contain fixatives

Answer 4

○ Proportional to the size of the specimen
○ Clear
○ Unbreakable
○ Wide mouthed bottle

Question 5

Specimen source

Answer 5

○ Bilateral organs
○ Miscellaneous

Question 6

Bilateral organs

Answer 6

Extremities, kidneys, lungs and ovaries

Question 7

Miscellaneous

Answer 7

Age, sex, ward

Question 8

Basic information needed:

Answer 8

○ Date and time
○ Name of the patient
○ Specimen number

Question 9

CAS

Answer 9

■ C - Cytology
specimen
■ A - Anatomical
specimen
■ S - Surgical
specimen
● S-09-2111

Question 10

● Most critical step in histopathological techniques

Answer 10

FIXATION

Question 11

preserve the morphology and chemical constituents of the tissue.

Answer 11

Primary aim

Question 12

protect and harden the specimen for
further handling

Answer 12

Secondary aim

Question 13

Effects Of Fixatives

Answer 13

1. Inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the risk of infections
2. Act as mordant or accentuator accelerating the staining process

Question 14

Involves small tissue or organ

Answer 14

MICROANATOMIC FIXATIVE

Question 15

● 10% Formol Saline
● 10% Neutral
Buffered
Formalin

Answer 15

MICROANATOMIC FIXATIVE

Question 16

Involves body fluid or secretion
1. Nuclear Fixatives
2. Cytoplasmic Fixatives

Answer 16

CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVE

Question 17

Flemming’s Fluid, Bouin’s Fluid, Heidenhain’s Susa

Answer 17

Nuclear Fixatives

Question 18

– Kelly’s Fluid, Orth’s

Answer 18

Cytoplasmic Fixatives

Question 19

Involves tissue containing labile
substances

Answer 19

HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVE

Question 20

1. 10% Formol Saline
2. Absolute Ethyl Alcohol
3. Acetone

Answer 20

HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVE

Question 21

SIMPLE FIXATIVE

Answer 21

Uses only on chemical for fixation
1. Aldehydes
2. Metallic Fixatives

Question 22

Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde

Answer 22

Aldehydes

Question 23

Mercuric Chloride, Chromate Fixatives, Lead Fixatives

Answer 23

Metallic Fixatives

Question 24

The use of two or more chemicals for fixation

Answer 24

COMPOUND FIXATIVE

Question 25

● Utilizing chemical known as dehydrating agents ● Removing of intracellular and extracellular water and fixatives in the tissue

Answer 25

DEHYDRATION

Question 26

DEHYDRATION Examples:

Answer 26

○ Alcohol - most commonly used ○ Acetone ○ Dioxane ○ Tetrahydrofuran ○ Cellosolve (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether)

Question 27

● Removing of dehydrating agents ● Xylene – most commonly used

Answer 27

CLEARING

Question 28

● Also known as INFILTRATION ● The process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replace by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities.

Answer 28

IMPREGNATION

Question 29

The simplest, most common and best embedding medium used for routine tissue processing

Answer 29

PARAFFIN

Question 30

● Also known as CASTING OR BLOCKING ● The process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arrange position in a mold containing medium which is then allowed to solidify

Answer 30

EMBEDDING

Question 31

FOUR TYPES OF TISSUE IMPREGNATION:

Answer 31

1. Paraffin wax 2. Celloidin 3. Gelatin 4. Plastic

Question 32

● Allows the medium to solidify to produce tissue block

Answer 32

BLOCKING

Question 33

● Process of removing excess wax after embedding ● Can use knife/blade or heated spatula

Answer 33

TRIMMING

Question 34

● Also known as CUTTING OR MICROTOMY ● The process by which processed tissue is cut into uniformly thin slices to facilitate studies under microscope

Answer 34

SECTIONING

Question 35

machine or instrument used for cutting sections of tissue

Answer 35

MICROTOME

Question 36

Simplest and oldest type of microtome

Answer 36

ROCKING MICROTOME

Question 37

Used for cutting serial sections of tissue specimen

Answer 37

ROTARY MICROTOME

Question 38

Most dangerous type of microtome

Answer 38

SLIDING MICROTOME

Question 39

For urgent surgical biopsies specimen

Answer 39

FREEZING MICROTOME

Question 40

Permits rapid penetration of tissue biopsies for surgical pathology Also known as COLD MICROTOME

Answer 40

ROTARY MICROTOME

Question 41

Specimen for electron microscope

Answer 41

ULTRATHIN MICROTOME

Question 42

● Tissue constituent are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with dye or staining solution producing coloration of the active tissue component

Answer 42

STAINING

Question 43

○ Utilizes micro-anatomical studies of tissue ○ It is a regressive staining method

Answer 43

HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAINING

Question 44

● It may be liquid, gum or resinous, soluble in water, alcohol or other solvents and be sealed from the external atmosphere by non-soluble ringing media

Answer 44

MOUNTING

Question 45

the solution in which the specimen is embedded, generally under a cover glass

Answer 45

MOUNTING MEDIUM

Question 46

LABELING

Answer 46

● Date and time ● Name of the patient ● Specimen Number

Question 47

● Performed regularly even in pregnant women without undue risk

Answer 47

GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMEN

Question 48

GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMEN EXAMPLE:

Answer 48

○ Vaginal smear

Question 49

NON-GYNECOLOGICAL SPECIMEN EXAMPLE:

Answer 49

○ Respiratory Tract specimens: ■ Sputum ■ Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

Question 50

Determine the presence of urethral cancer

Answer 50

URINE