URINE COLLECTION

Question 1

Reasons for rejecting urine specimen

Answer 1

o Specimens in unlabeled containers
o Nonmatching labels and requisition forms
o Specimens contaminated with feces or toilet paper Containers with contaminated exteriors
o Specimens of insufficient quantity
o Specimens that have been improperly transported

Question 2

Specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within

Answer 2

2 hours

Question 3

A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be

Answer 3

refrigerated or have an appropriate chemical preservative added

Question 4

NORMAL URINE COLOR

Answer 4

o Pale yellow
o yellow
o dark yellow
o amber

Question 5

presence of the abnormal pigment bilirubin.

Answer 5

Dark Yellow or amber

Question 6

-orange administration of phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azogantrisin compounds to persons with urinary tract infections.

Answer 6

Yellow

Question 7

presence of blood

Answer 7

Red

Question 8

glomerular bleeding

Answer 8

Brown Urine Containing Blood

Question 9

melanin or homogentisic acid, levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole (Flagyl).

Answer 9

Brown or black

Question 10

bacterial infections, including urinary tract infection by
Pseudomonas species and intestinal tract infections resulting in increased urinary indican,

Answer 10

Blue/green

Question 11

Normal

Answer 11

Aromatic

Question 12

Bacterial decomposition urinary tract infection
Fruity, Sweet

Answer 12

Foul, Ammonia-like

Question 13

Ketones ( diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting )

Answer 13

Fruity, Sweet

Question 14

Maple syrup urine disease

Answer 14

Maple Syrup

Question 15

Phenylketonuria

Answer 15

Mousy

Question 16

Tyrosinemia

Answer 16

Rancid

Question 17

Isovaleric Academia

Answer 17

Sweaty feet

Question 18

Methionine malabsorption

Answer 18

Cabbage

Question 19

Contamination

Answer 19

Bleach

Question 20

Consist of chemical-impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip.

Answer 20

Reagent Strips

Question 21

Care of Reagent Strips

Answer 21

1. Store with desiccant in an opaque, tightly closed container.
2. Store below 30C; do not freeze.
3. Do not expose to volatile fumes.
4. Do not use past the expiration date.
5. Do not use if chemical pads become discolored.
6. Remove strips immediately prior to use

Question 22

Aid in determining the existence of systemic acid-base disorders of metabolic or respiratory origin and in the management of urinary conditions that require the urine to
be maintained

Answer 22

PH

Question 23

slightly acidic ph of 5.0 to 6.0

Answer 23

First morning specimen

Question 24

4.5 to 8.0.

Answer 24

Normal random samples

Question 25

Reagents:

Answer 25

 methyl red  bromthymol blue

Question 26

Most indicative of renal disease

Answer 26

PROTEIN

Question 27

<10 mg/dL or 100 mg per 24 hours

Answer 27

Normal urine

Question 28

≥30 mg/dL (300 mg/L)

Answer 28

Clinical proteinuria

Question 29

 Highly buffered alkaline urine  Pigmented specimens  Phenazopyridine  Quaternary ammonium compounds (deterg at::  Antiseptics  Chlorhexidine  Loss of buffer from prolonged exposure of the reagent strip to the specimen  High specific gravity

Answer 29

False-positive:

Question 30

 Proteins other than albumin  Microalbuminuria

Answer 30

False Negative

Question 31

o Most frequent chemical analysis performed on urine. o Detection and monitoring of diabetes mellitus

Answer 31

GLUCOSE

Question 32

Contamination by oxidizing agents and detergents

Answer 32

False-positive

Question 33

 High levels of ascorbic acid  High levels of ketones  High specific gravity  Low temperatures  Improperly preserved specimens

Answer 33

False-negative

Question 34

Represents three intermediate products of fat metabolism

Answer 34

KETONES

Question 35

intermediate products of fat metabolism:

Answer 35

 Acetone  acetoacetic acid  beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

Question 36

 shows a deficiency in insulin, indicating the need to regulate dosage.  It is often an early indicator of insufficient insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes and in patients with diabetes who experience medical problems in addition to diabetes

Answer 36

Ketonuria

Question 37

1. Diabetic acidosis 2. Insulin dosage monitoring 3. Starvation 4. Malabsorption/pancreatic disorders 5. Strenuous exercise 6. Vomiting 7. Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism

Answer 37

Clinical Significance KETONES

Question 38

May be present in the urine either in the form of intact red blood cells (hematuria) or as the product of red blood cell destruction, hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria).

Answer 38

BLOOD

Question 39

 Strong oxidizing agents  Bacterial peroxidases  Menstrual contamination

Answer 39

False-positive

Question 40

 High specific gravity/ crenated cells  Formalin  Captopril  High concentrations of nitrite  Ascorbic acid 25 mg/dL  Unmixed specimens

Answer 40

False-negative

Question 41

o An early indication of liver disease. o Often detected long before the development of jaundice

Answer 41

BILIRUBIN

Question 42

BILIRUBIN Clinical Significance

Answer 42

1. Hepatitis 2. Cirrhosis 3. Other liver disorders 4. Biliary obstruction (gallstones, carcinoma)

Question 43

1. Respiratory or metabolic acidosis/ketosis 2. Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis 3. Defects in renal tubular secretion and reabsorption of acids and bases-renal tubular acidosis 4. Renal calculi formation 5. Treatment of urinary tract infections 6. Precipitation/identification of crystals 7. Determination of unsatisfactory specimens

Answer 43

Clinical Significance of Urine pH

Question 44

o Circulates in the blood en route to the liver, it passes through the kidney and is filtered by the glomerulus. o Normal value: <1 mg/dl or ehrlich o Increased urine urobilinogen (greater than 1 mg/dl) is seen in liver disease and hemolytic disorders. o Measurement of urine urobilinogen can be valuable in the detection of early liver disease

Answer 44

UROBILINOGEN

Question 45

1. Early detection of liver disease 2. Liver disorders, hepatitis, cirrhosis, carcinoma 3. Hemolytic disorder

Answer 45

UROBILINOGEN Clinical Significance

Question 46

o More standardized means for the detection of leukocytes. o Infections caused by trichomonas, chlamydia, yeast, and inflammation of renal tissues (i.E., Interstitial nephritis) produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria.

Answer 46

LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE