History 106Y FiGuideFall22

Question 1

Truman Doctrine (1947)(impact)

Answer 1

Beginning of US foreign aid.
Pres control over foreign policy.
Oversimplification of foreign policy.
Becomes open-ended commitment to contain communism.

Question 2

Marshall Plan (1947)(impact, motives)

Answer 2

• Sparks EURs recovery.
• Foundation for EEC/EU.
• Reintegrate West GER into EUR.
• Cement division of EUR along Cold War lines.
  Motives: Humanitarian, economic, and containment.

Question 3

National Security Act (1947) (terms)

Answer 3

Creates NSC, CIA, Department of Defense, and Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Question 4

Taft-Hartley Act (1947) (impact)

Answer 4

• Closed shops.
• Cooling off period.
• Political contributions restricted.
• States est. “right-to-work” laws restricting unionization.

Question 5

Election of 1948 (candidates, result)

Answer 5

Harry S. Truman and Thomas E. Dewey. Truman won. Many polls and pundits had predicted a Dewey victory.

Question 6

Berlin blockade (1948-9) (what was it, how resolved)

Answer 6

Soviet Union’s attempt to cut off Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from the rest of the world.
- Resolved through negotiations between Western powers and Soviet Union.

Question 7

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) (impact)

Answer 7

• Political activity in the US.
• Political activism and freedom of association.
• Contributed to fear and paranoia of the “Red Scare.”

Question 8

Korean War (1950-53) (impact, involved, how ends)

Answer 8

The creation of a political and military division between North and South Korea.
Involved were North Korea, South Korea, the UN (US), China, and the Soviet Union.
It ended with the signing of the armistice in 1953, but a peace treaty was never signed.

Question 9

New Look (what is it, terms)

Answer 9

• Term used to describe foreign policy under Pres. Eisenhower.
• Shift in foreign policy of containment to a focus on American interests and battling communism through nuclear weapons.
  Terms: Nuclear Weapons for Deterrence, Propaganda, Covert ops, and Containment.

Question 10

McCarthyism (what is it, effects)

Answer 10

Political practice of making accusations without adequate evidence.
- Fear and paranoia.
- Loss of jobs/reputations.
- Effects on political activism and freedom of speech.

Question 11

Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)(ruling, impact)

Answer 11

Ruled segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated “separate but equal.”
- Impacted the civil rights movement and race relations in the US.
- Marked a shift in national conversation about race and paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Question 12

Southern Manifesto (1955) (what is it)

Answer 12

Document states the Supreme Court’s decision was an abuse of federal power and infringed on the states’ rights.
Argued that segregation was a “tradition” that should be upheld and called for resistance to the Court’s ruling through “all lawful means.”

Question 13

Montgomery bus boycott (1955-6) (who involved, cause, result)

Answer 13

Emmit Till, Rosa Parks, and MLK.
The arrest of Rosa Parks sparked a boycott; she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person.
Led to a federal court ruling declaring segregation on public buses unconstitutional.

Question 14

Martin Luther King (impact, actions)

Answer 14

• Helped advance civil rights.
• Speeches/actions led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act.
  Actions: Founded SCLC, helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, and delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.

Question 15

Sputnik (1957) (what is it, results)

Answer 15

First artificial satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union.
-Marked the beginning of the space race. (US and SU).
-Demonstrated the Soviet Union’s technological superiority over the United States and the Soviet’s potential for ICBMs.

Question 16

The military-industrial complex (what is it, who names it)

Answer 16

Phrase describes the relationship between the government, military, and the defense industry.
-President Eisenhower

Question 17

JFK’s foreign policy (1961)(what happened, results)

Answer 17

Marked by the Cold War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
- Reduced tensions between the US and the Soviet Union and contributed to a more stable global political climate.

Question 18

Berlin Wall (1961-89)(impacts)

Answer 18

• Political Unrest.
• Cultural Isolation.
• Economic Impact.
• Psychological Repercussions.
• Political/Economic Segregation.

Question 19

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(impacts, symbol)

Answer 19

• Formed the Hotline.
• Started the Arms race.
• Created the Limited Test Ban Treaty.
• Heightened Cold War tensions/nuclear anxiety.

Silhouette of a U-2 spy plane soaring against a blue sky, with a Cuban flag in the background.

Question 20

“I Have a Dream” speech (1963)(what is it, terms)

Answer 20

Speech by MLK during the March on Washington.
- Called for an end to racism and racial inequality in the US.
- Challenged the US to live up to its ideals of freedom and justice for all and to make real the promise of democracy.

Question 21

JFK & Vietnam (policy, action)

Answer 21

Increase U.S. involvement while simultaneously attempting to avoid a full-scale war.
- Authorize air strikes.
- Allow use of covert ops.
- Increase # of U.S. forces in VN.
- Send military advisers and increased aid to the SV government to counter the spread of communism.

Question 22

Vietnam escalation (1965) (reasons)

Answer 22

• NV aggression.
• Communist insurgency.
• Growing international pressure.
• Fear of a ‘domino effect.’

Question 23

Great Society (what is it, criticisms, examples)

Answer 23

• War on Poverty.
• Thought it was poorly planned and saw it as a bureaucracy. Funding was inadequate b/c of spending on war.
• Medicare/Medicaid, Federal Aid to Education, and the Immigration Act.

Question 24

Civil Rights Act (1964) (impact, terms)

Answer 24

Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and by employers and labor unions. Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
“Down With Segregation.”

Question 25

Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)(uses)

Answer 25

• Commit Congress to VN policy.
• Take the issue away from Republicans.
• Long-term legal justification for using force.

Question 26

Voting Rights Act (1965)(terms, who involved)

Answer 26

“Bloody Sunday.”
LBJ and MLK.

Question 27

Medicare/Medicaid (1965)(what are they)

Answer 27

Government-run health insurance programs.
- Provides coverage for people aged 65 or over, certain people with disabilities, and those with end-stage renal disease.

Question 28

Immigration Act (1965)(terms, impact)

Answer 28

“First come, first served.”
Abolished the quota system of immigration, allowing more people from diverse backgrounds to come to the US.

Question 29

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)(ruling)

Answer 29

5th Amendment
The suspect must be informed of their right to remain silent and counsel.

Question 30

Tet Offensive (1968)(impact)

Answer 30

• Exposed fragility of the SV government.
• Forced U.S. to rethink its strategy in VN.
• Shattered illusions of a quick and easy victory.

Question 31

Nixon and Vietnam (policy decisions, peace with honor)

Answer 31

Achieve “peace with honor” by gradually withdrawing U.S. troops and training the SV military to take over the combat mission.

Question 32

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1972)(ruling, impact)

Answer 32

Ruled that schools could use busing to achieve desegregation.
- Impacted the implementation of school desegregation and established the doctrine of “unitary status.”

Question 32

Watergate (impact, result)

Answer 32

Impact on American politics and public’s trust in the government.
- Resulted in Pres. Nixon’s resignation. Nixon handed over tapes to Congress and a special prosecutor.

Question 33

United States v. Richard M. Nixon (1974)(ruling, impact)

Answer 33

Although presidents have executive privilege, it did not apply b/c discussions were about criminal conspiracy.
- Helped further the principle of judicial review.
- Pres. was not immune from criminal proceedings.
- Congress helped ensure that the Pres. had little power and could be held accountable.

Question 34

Paris Peace Accords (1973)(terms)

Answer 34

• POW
• CNR - Council for National Reconciliation

Question 35

Who desegregated the armed forces?

Answer 35

President Harry S. Truman desegregated the armed forces when he issued Executive Order 9981.
- (of the United States in 1948)

Question 36

What is the missile gap?

Answer 36

Alleged disparity in the nuclear weapons capabilities of the Soviet Union and the US during the Cold War.

Question 37

What is containment?

Answer 37

Diplomatic policy used by the US during the Cold War in response to the Soviet Union’s expansion of communism.

Question 38

Presidents from Truman to Biden

Answer 38

• Eisenhower
• Kennedy
• LBJ
• Nixon
• Ford
• Carter
• Reagan
• H.W. Bush
• Clinton
• W. Bush
• Obama
• Trump