History Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
What is ‘Pre-Columbia’?
A
A term referring to the period before European settlement in the Americas.
2
Q
What did the Proclamation of 1763 state?
A
Issued by King George I stated that the colonies should not be allowed to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.
3
Q
What is the Olmec civilization (1200-400 BCE) known for?
A
It is known as the first Mesoamerican civilization, which invented a long-count calendar, long stone carvings, and writing system.
4
Q
What is the Teotihuacan civilization (400 BCE- 500CE) known for?
A
Known for monumental pyramids, temples, and roads. West of the Olmec area.
5
Q
What is the Toltec civilization (900 CE to 1150 CE) known for?
A
Known for its skill in pottery and influence in the region after the Teotihuacan civilization. Before Aztec Civilization and West of Olmec Area.
6
Q
What is the Mayan civilization (300 BCE to 400 CE) known for?
A
Known for stair-step temples, detailed carvings, and advanced systems in hunting, math, and calendars.
7
Q
What is the Aztec civilization (1100-1521 CE) known for?
A
Inhabited land from Toltec civilization. Known for glyph writing system, elaborate temples, calendar system and human sacrifices.
8
Q
What is the Incan civilization (1100-1533CE) known for?
A
Known for an extensive road network that connected the empire. Terrace farming and unique irrigation systems adopted to mountain living.
9
Q
Describe Capitalism?
A
Private ownership of the means of production.
10
Q
What is a traditional economy?
A
An economy where goods are produced mainly for consumption by one’s own family and traded or bartered in only most basic ways.
11
Q
What is a command economy?
A
government controls economy determining what should be produced and the amount. It’s associated with communism.
12
Q
What are the three branches of government?
A
Legislative - creates laws (Senate {100 members 2e state} and House of Representatives {435 members})
Judicial - interprets laws (Courts)
Executive - enforces laws (President)
13
Q
What is a market economy?
A
An economic system where decisions about production, consumption, and investment are guided by the price of goods and services, determined by the laws of supply and demand.
14
Q
What significant event occurred in 1519 in Mexico?
A
Mexico, including a region of Tx became a base for Spanish explorers. This included Piñeda and Hernan Cortez. Cortez sailed from Cuba with 100’s of men on 11 ships toward Mexico to challenge the Aztecs at Tenochtitlán and allied with local Indians against Montezuma. Piñeda explored Tx and created first map of region.
15
Q
What was established in 1607?
A
The first permanent English settlement in North America, Jamestown, was established by the Virginia Company (joint stock company founded by investors in England). Called it “Jamestown” to honor King James I and was settlement bc of peace with Spain.
16
Q
What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?
A
The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the U.S., establishing a weak central government.
17
Q
What happened in 1776?
A
The Second Continental Congress met, selected George Washington to command the Continental Army, and declared independence from Britain on July 4th.
18
Q
What was established in 1718?
A
Established in 1718 by Martin de Alarcón marched towards Rio San Antonio and established a presidio( military settlement) and mission called San Antonio de Valero known as the Alamo.
19
Q
What is the Bill of Rights?
A
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791.
14th amendment, even the separation of powers in the structure of the federal govt were created to protect the rights of citizens
20
Q
How can amendments to the Constitution be proposed?
A
By a two-thirds vote in both houses of the U.S. Congress or by a convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the states.
21
Q
What was the American Revolution?
A
The war of independence fought between Britain and 13 of its colonies, beginning in 1775.
British faces minuteman at Concord and Lexington. Colonists were divided.
22
Q
What were the two sides in the American Revolution?
A
Colonists were divided into Loyalists, who supported Britain, and Patriots, who opposed British rule.
23
Q
What is annexation?
A
The process of adding something.
24
Q
Who were the Antifederalists?
A
opposed the Constitution due to fears of the power of the national government in a federal system.
People include George Mason and Patrick Henry.
25
Who were the Federalists?
Supporters of the Constitution, including figures like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.
Hamilton published 'The Federalist', a series of 65 essays.
26
What were the Articles of Confederation?
Adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781, they provided guidance to government for 7 years and gave Congress authority to make laws and conduct treaties with other nations.
27
What was the Battle of Gonzales?
The first battle of the Texas Revolution.
28
What was the outcome of the Battle of San Jacinto?
Texas defeated Mexican forces and captured General Santa Anna, ending the Texas Revolution.
29
What did the Treaty of Velasco entail?
Santa Anna agreed to stop fighting the Texans and to support the independence of Texas.
30
What is the Bessemer Steel Process?
A process of removing impurities from iron to make steel, resulting in a less brittle and stronger material than iron. The industry needed steel but was limited by the small quantity
31
What is sectionalism?
Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns.
32
What is the Boom & Bust Cycle (WW1 & G. Depression)
As WW1 economy slowed as demand for goods decreased. In 1920s increased demand.
An economic cycle where a boom, was a period of rapid growth. Continued into Great Depression in 1930s. Followed by a crisis or bust, affected small farmers fighting against droughts, pets, or other factors that caused crops to fail.
33
What were Buffalo Soldiers?
Units of black soldiers who protected settlers in the West and gained recognition during the Red River Wars and raids in the Rio Grande Valley from 1876-80.
34
What were the effects of the Civil War on different cultures and businesses?
Causes: Sectional conflicts, Slavery, disagreements over expansion
Effects: poverty in the South, tenancy led to limited industrial development, share cropping, suppression of blacks.
35
What was the economic and political status of the North after the Civil War?
The North achieved economic and political dominance, while the South lagged behind culturally and socially into the mid-1900s.
36
What is colonization?
The process by which one nation establishes its presence in another region.
37
What is a culture group?
characterized by ethnicity, religion, education, and interests or social standing.
38
What is a culture region?
A culture region is an area where a particular culture system prevails, marked by characteristics including dress, food, and belief systems.
39
What is a culture trait?
A culture trait is a single element of normal practice in a culture.
## Footnote
Example: Wearing a turban in a Muslim community.
40
What was the Convention of 1836?
The Convention of 1836 was a gathering of men at Washington on the Brazos that adopted the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836. Wrote Tx constitution and created by David G Burnet.
41
What did the delegates of the Convention of 1836 do?
The delegates created a temporary government since Texas was at war with Mexico when the constitution was adopted.
42
What was the significance of the Battle of San Jacinto?
After the Battle of San Jacinto, a permanent government was formed, and a new state constitution was written and adopted as a condition of annexation to the U.S.
43
What is a demographic concept?
A demographic concept is the study of population, including birth rate, growth rate, age distribution, and the balance between men and women in society.
44
What is the division of labor?
The division of labor is the practice of dividing work so that each worker does only part of a larger job, such as factory workers being trained in one area of the assembly line.
45
What was the outcome of the Dred Scott v. Sandford case?
The Dred Scott v. Sandford case confirmed the status of slaves as property rather than citizens and stated that Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories.
46
What are customs?
Ways of doing things within a group or society that became a habit and adopted as traditions.
47
What are economic factors?
Economic factors include cost of design and development, operation, access to essential resources, knowledge, capital accumulation, investment needs, and proximity of supply lines and transportation routes to raw materials and potential consumers.
48
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abe Lincoln in 1862, declaring all slaves in the rebellion Confederate states to be free. It did not apply to slaves in border states or areas occupied by federal troops. All slaves were not freed until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865.
49
What is an empresario?
An empresario was a land agent or land contractor used by the Mexican government to settle Texas by granting land to both Mexican and American empresarios committed to attracting colonists. Notable empresarios included S. F. Austin and Martin De Leon.
50
What is the English Bill of Rights?
The English Bill of Rights was accepted by King William and Queen Mary, guaranteeing certain rights to English citizens and declaring that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. It followed the Glorious Revolution, which forced absolute monarch James II to leave the country.
51
How did American colonies contribute to mercantilist systems?
American colonies contributed to English, French, and Spanish mercantilist systems by providing raw products and markets for manufactured goods. The Spanish sought to control gold and silver supplies held by Native American civilizations in Mexico and Peru, while the fur trade in North America generated significant revenue for French merchants.
52
What was Adam Smith's critique of mercantilism?
Adam Smith criticized mercantilism and supported laissez-faire economics, which opposed regulation by the government and viewed commerce as driven by the invisible hand of personal initiative.
53
What are Ethnic Groups?
Ethnic groups share racial, linguistic, and cultural connections resulting from their common heritage. Examples include Poles, Irish, and Germans.
54
What are the Federalist Papers?
The Federalist Papers are a collection of writings advocating for the adoption of the U.S. Constitution.
55
What is Exploration?
Exploration involves searching for new things, often in places no one else has looked.
56
What are the Factors of Production?
Factors of production are resources needed to create products. They include land, capital (investments), labor, and entrepreneurship.
57
What was Fannin's Surrender at Goliad?
Fannin's Surrender at Goliad occurred when he came to Texas in 1834 and commanded the Texas army at the Battle of Conception in 1835, where 90 Texans defeated 400 Mexican soldiers.
58
What is Federalism?
Federalism is the distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union.
59
Who were the Federalists?
Federalists were those who favored the ratification of the Constitution and the adaptation of the federalist form of government.
60
What was the First Great Awakening?
The First Great Awakening was a religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s, led by Jonathan Edwards, urging believers to develop a personal relationship with God for salvation.
61
What are Frames of Reference?
Frames of reference are perspectives from which individuals write about events they experienced.
62
What is the Free Enterprise System?
The free enterprise system, also known as a market economy, relies on supply, demand, and prices to determine what, how, and for whom to produce.
63
What was the French and Indian War?
A struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of North America, known as the 7 Years' War (1754-1763). It was not a worldwide war.
64
What was the main focus of the French and Indian War?
Control over territory to the west of the established colonies, particularly the Ohio River Valley.
65
What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
The first written constitution in the American colonies, prepared for the new Puritan community in Connecticut, established in 1638. It set a precedent for written constitutions in the colonies.
66
What did the Puritans view as a covenant?
An agreement with God to build a holy society.
67
What are Geographic Distributions and Patterns?
The study of the location of things on Earth, how they are distributed, and the relationships between things separated by distance.
68
What are examples of geographic factors?
Physical characteristics of a place such as landforms, bodies and sources of water, vegetation, climate, and animal life.
69
What is the Gettysburg Address?
A speech by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War in 1863 that captures the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy.
70
What was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden?
In 1824, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states.
This ruling responded to an effort by New York to accept a monopoly to operate steamboat traffic between N.Y and N.J.
71
What is a Grid System?
A network of horizontal and vertical lines used to locate points on a map or chart by means of coordinates.
72
What are indicators of economic development?
Economists look for patterns in human behavior which indicate how much money people will spend at different times in their lives and for what product. Ability to purchase changes as consumers age or move from hourly wage jobs to salary products.
73
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial growth that began in Britain in the 1700s and spread globally, leading to the replacement of homemade goods with machine-made products.
74
What is judicial review?
Judicial review is the power of the judicial branch of government to interpret laws and ensure they are constitutional, established by the Supreme Court in the early 1800s.
75
What happened to Native Americans regarding land?
Land was a valuable commodity in the early 1800s when cotton planters and farmers sought to extend their settlements west and south.
Native American tribes such as the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw of the south and Chippewas, Ottawa, Powtawatom, Wyandot, Shawnee and Miami of the north and others were removed from their lands and sent to Indian Territory, often through violent means.
76
What are landforms? (Topography)
Landforms are features on Earth's surface, including plains, mountains, sand dunes, hills, and canyons.
77
What was the Law of April 6, 1830?
The Law of April 6, 1830, was enacted to strengthen Mexico's control over Texas by stopping all immigration from the U.S., including slaves, while still welcoming settlers from Europe or Mexico.
78
Liberal democracy?
Based on the protection of individual rights and the consent of the governed to establish political authority
79
Unlimited Govt?
Control is placed solely with the ruler and his/her appointees and there no limits imposed on his/her authority
80
Limited Govt?
Everyone call authority figures, must obey the laws, constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of their elected appointed, inherited positions.
81
Manifest Destiny
Destined to secure territory from sea to sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Belief that it was Americas right to expand westward
82
Marbury v. Madison
First judgement by SCOTUS which supported the federal system of government. Chief Justice Marshall(Federalist), upheld the authority of the federal judiciary. He established the principle of judicial review, the power of judiciary to determine that a law can be declared unconstitutional.
83
Mass Production
Making of the same object is termed. Usually depends on technology, standardized parts, an assembly line, labor force, factories, transportation network, marketing campaign to get people to by supply.
84
Mayflower Compact 1620
Pilgrim leaders and signed by 41 men aboard the mayflower prior to going ashore at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. Outlined form of govt based on a social compact.
The compact (essentially an agreement to obey laws passed by the group. This agreement set a precedent for later documents in the development of self government).
85
Mechanized Production
Expansion during Civil War and peaked in 1920s just before Great Depression. Considered 2nd Industrial Revolution. Demand for raw materials and labor to maintain production led to exploitation of natural environment/ workers.
86
Mccolloch v. Maryland 1819
Maryland was opposed to the established of a Natl Bank and challenged the authority of the federal government to establish one. SCOTUS ruled that the power of the federal government was supreme over that of the states and that the states could not interfere.
87
Mechanization of Agriculture
Occurred as farmers replaced human and animal power on farms and ranches with machines. The gas powered tractor replaced horses and mules on farms throughout the U.S in 1920s.
88
Mexican war
Dec 29, 1845, President Polk signed the Texas Admission Act annexing Texas as the 28th state in the Union. Mexican officials protested the move. They considered Texas part of Mexico.
Territory disputed field already tense diplomatic relations. General Zach Taylor led troops into territory near Brownsville which was claimed by both countries.
May 9th, 1846 U.S and Mexican troops skirmished and president polk used this engagement to justify his request for war.
The war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848. In February, Mexico ceded all claims north of the rio grande to the U.S area including cali, Nevada, Utah, parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming.
89
Monroe Doctrine
Foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe shouldn’t interfere in affairs within the U.S or other countries in the Western Hemisphere not interfere in European Affairs. These ideas formulated by John Adams, President Monroe in response to problems facing nation. Russia claims to the northwest coast and threats to the independence of Spanish American republics in Latin America.
90
Naturalized Citizen
Is a person of foreign birth who is granted full citizenship
91
Non-renewable resources
Resource that cannot be replaced once it is used (fossil fuels, minerals)
92
Northwest Ordnance 1787
One of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederations. It established a system for setting up government in the western territories so they could eventually join the union on the equal footing with the original 13 states. The northwest territory an area bounded by Ohio river Mississippi River Great Lakes and state of Ohio.
93
Nullification Crisis
Congress approved a high tariff to protest U.S interests from 1828. Competition from foreign trade. Angered southerners who dealt directly with merchants in Britain. Planters favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of their states over the federal govt.
In 1832, congress passed a lower but still protective tariff. Angered south carolinaians declared federal tariff null and void.
94
Patters of human activity
Influence environment and physical geography. Include processes of migration and settlement, distribution of cultures and relationships structure of economic interdependence and ways political and cultural groups divide and distribute space.
95
Patterns of land use
Reflect the division, the control, and manipulation, of the earths surface by humans. Some patterns reflect the boundaries between nations, countries, and private property owners.
96
Patterns of settlement
Certain physical features encourage settlement and other discourage it. Humans seek land in fertile river valleys while they tend to avoid inhospitable areas such as deserts or mountains.
97
Physical and human factors
Physical factors include climate and weather and landforms. These lead to events such as tornadoes, hurricanes, or drought. Human factors relate to the human characteristics of a place. As population pressures in the eastern portion of the state increased, settlement moved west
98
Physical Process
Operations that produce, maintain, and alter earths physical systems. Can be grouped in 4 categories; Operating in Atmosphere, operating in lithosphere, hydrosphere, Biosphere.
99
Plantation System
A system of agriculture production based on large scale ownership, and the exploitation of labor and the environment. Production is usually concentrated on a cash crop prized by a national or international market
100
Preamble to the constitution
First sentence of the u.s constitution
101
Primary industries
Industries differ in their involvement in the processing of natural resources, the production and marketing of goods, and the development of products and ideas. Exploits natural resources. Ex: fishing, farming, lumbering, and oil drilling.
102
Progressive movement
Ideas behind the reforms enacted by James Hogg in Tx. In 1880s and 1890s became part of the political movement of the early 1900s called progressivism.
Hogg favored strong govt and used its power to regulate railroads and trusts and limit foreign ownership of public lands in Tx.
103
Protective Tariff
A tax on an imported product instituted to protect local industries. The tax increases the price of the impact that makes it less appealing to consumers.
104
Quaternary Industries
Are those parts of the economy concerned with research, the gathering and dissemination of information and administration. They are specialized part of the tertiary sector of the economy.
105
Radical groups
Made up of individuals with similar characteristics, and habits derived from common ancestors. Ex: African, Asian, Native American
106
Ramadan
Holy month in the calendar of Islam. Muslims fast between sunrise and sunset each day during it. Ex: Kyrie
107
Ratification of Constitution
Process fostered one of the great debates of American History. Federalists( favored a strong natl govt) supported the constitution. Anti federalists (favored states rights , greater representation, and individual freedom).
The first states approved the constitution between Dec. 1787- June 1784.
108
Raw data to graph
Numeric information in an unorganized fashion. When put into a graph of any kind, data becomes more understandable
109
Reference Map
Shows the locations of things. Road maps in Atlas
110
Reform Movements
Second great awakening was a revival of religion faith. As a result, baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians realized an increased sense of confidence in themselves and U.S
Reformers sought to change unfair labor practices, increase nutrition, and improve conditions for the poor, the enslaved, imprisoned, women, alcoholics, and disabled.
111
Relative Chronology
Depends on specific dates but more on relationships of events. To sequence events, individuals, and time periods, students must understand past, present, and future time.
112
Removal of Native Americans
Indians, particularly the Cherokee, attempted to adopt aspects of U.S society and government. “Sequoyah” a Cherokee, developed the alphabet. The tribe wrote a constitution, had news papers and even the Bible in Cherokee.
Regardless of the attempts of Indians to assimilate. President Jackson insisted on the removal of the Indians from the southwest. In 1830, congress passed the Indian removal act which designed public schools in the west for Indian settlement
113
Reconstruction 1865-77
If southern states hoped to rejoin the union they had to accept the 14th amendment and had to rewrite constitutions so all adult men were able to vote
114
Reconstruction 1865-77
Post civil war period, the U.S confronted the problems of re-admitting southern states to the union and integrating the freed slaves into society’s at the end of the civil war northern business was prospering due to the increased production required for the war effort and the fact that few battles were fought in that area
115
Reconstruction ended
Ended with President Hayes passed the compromise of 1877 which removed the last of the federal troops from the south’s when they left reconstruction the government stopped and southerners regained political control
116
Renewable resources
A resource that can be regenerated. Ex: fish, timber, soil
117
Representative Government
Power is held by the people and exercised through the efforts of their elected representatives
118
Republic of Texas
Delegates to the convention of 1836 adopted the Texas constitution. They created a new republic. (A republic is a type of democracy in which the power is held by representatives elected to carry out the wishes of majority of citizens). Texas functioned as an independent republic until Dec 29, 1845 when Texas became the 28th state.!
119
Republicanism
Is a philosophy of limited govt with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. Says that the only legitimate govt is one based on the consent of governed
120
Scarcity
Condition of not being able to have all the goods and services one wants. Resources do not exist in sufficient quantities to satisfy all desires to use
121
Second great awakening (Early 1800s)
Erupted as those favoring the personal and emotional approach associated with evangelical faiths and conflicted with those seeking more rational beliefs. Reinvigorated church membership and furthered humanitarian efforts including abolitionism, prison reform, temperance movement, and woman’s suffrage
122
Secondary Industries
Differ in their involvement in the processing of natural resources. The production and marketing of goods and development of products and ideas. Processes raw materials into finished products. These include steel plants or processing plants that turn agricultural products into canned or frozen goods.
123
Secondary Sources
Descriptions or interpretations prepared by the people who were not involved in the events described. Provide useful ground material and context for information gained from Primary sources.
Ex: Biographies, Academic books, Journal articles, essays, textbooks, and encyclopedias
124
Separation of Powers
Revised the articles of confederation and modification of Virginia plan which outlined the concept of separating the powers of govt. the judicial branch (all courts), executive branch (president, carries out laws), legislative branch (congress)
125
Settlement
Is the act or process of establishing a permanent home in a new region settlers often move to the new area to take advantage of resources such as available land or fertile soil.
126
Siege of the Alamo 1836
Sam Houston ordered Bowie to remove ammunition from the Alamo and destroy it. Bowie considered the position to important to turn over to the advancing Mexican troops under the command of general Santa Anna.
He defied Houston’s orders and prepared to defend the position with 150 volunteers. Reinforcements brought the number to between 182 and 188 men. Santa and forces of more than 5,000 soldiers arrived Fed 23. Fighting began on Feb 24 until Mar 6.
When the Mexican Army broke through the wall. At least 182 Texans and their allies and perhaps 1,600 Mexican soldiers died.
Instead of symbolizing Mexican strength, the fall of the Alamo represented Texas fortitude
127
Slave trade 1490s-1790s
Millions of Africans came to America on slave ships from the 1490s to 1790s. Of these, about 400,000 slaves were sold into slavery in North America. Most arrived in 1760s. Revolutionary war and subsequent interest in natural rights decreased support for the trade. Most were captured by other Africans and sold to dealers on the coast
128
Special interest groups
Often function within the 2 party system. This increased during the progressive movement on the local and state levels in the 1890s to 1900s. On the national and international levels in 1920s. Result in the formation of 3rd parties, anti masons, the populists, socialists, and liberal party.
129
Specialization
Concentrates research, design, and production on particular good or service. Mass production depends on specialized parts made by machines created to produce just one size or type of good
130
Spindle top
Former partnerships with other men who believe that there was oil in the gulf coast region. The major strike changed the Texas economy and made petroleum refining the leading Texas oil industry
131
Supply and Demand
Supply is the amount of goods available. Demand is the desire to own something and ability to pay for it.
132
Tariff Policies
Govt raise operating funds by leaving tariffs or taxes on imported goods. Tariffs place foreign merchants at a disadvantage making their goods more expensive than domestic (American made).
133
Technological innovations
Are new ways of doing things that are based in a technology
134
Tertiary industries
Exchanges and markets the products of the primary and secondary industries. They are involved in wholesaling and retailing functions, associated with govt. Services and personal and professional services of all kinds. Ex: Teachers are part of the tertiary sector of the economy
135
Texas Revolution
Residence of Texas join forces to challenge the rule of Mexican dictator, Santa Ana. Mexican military authority in 1835. This followed years of efforts led by Stephen F Austin to maintain good relations. Following a two year imprisonment, Austin began to believe that independence held the answer. He and others such as Sam Houston saw benefits of association with Mexico, but were frustrated at the limits Mexico imposed.
Battle of Gonzales 1835 was the first battle in Texas revolution. Siege of Alamo and massacre of Texans at Goliad inspired Texas troops to fight the larger better equipped army.
136
The battle of San Jacinto
Texans defeated Mexican forces and captured Santa Anna. Treaty of velasco Santa Anna agreed to stop fighting the Texans and to support the independence of Texas.
137
Emancipation of Slaves
Left thousands of people without work or income. One of the biggest challenges was creating a system to give land and freedom so they could farm and make a living system. Instead, due to disagreements among northern politicians, in a lack of interest on the part of Southerners, a solution was never found.
138
The populist party
Gained strength in the 1890s representing the interest of farmers and laborers. Ex: Theodore Roosevelt earned most votes as a third-party candidate in 1912 when he ran on the bull moose platform.
139
Role of historians
Have a frame of reference, one based in the present, and informed by new approaches and methods. They analyze the available evidence by sorting through it, prioritizing it, distinguishing important information from the less important and interpreting it.
Interpretations of one event change over time partially due to new ways to look at old sources. New sources also contribute to new understandings.
140
Virginia plan (1787)
First outline the concept of separating the powers of government between the executive legislative and judicial branches in the spirit of the laws. Ideas influence, those who propose the Virginia plan in the opening discussion of the Philadelphia convention.
141
Thematic maps
Shows a specific spital distribution, theme, or topic such as population density, cattle, production, climate of the world, or distribution of world religions.
142
Totalitarian
Government is a type of unlimited government that attempts to control all facets of all the lives of citizens. Independent associates are prohibited, and government resorts to intimidation to impose rule. Ex: Soviet Union under Stalin
143
Transcontinental Railroad
Improvements and technology, innovative govt. Support for business and changes in the systems of land grants for the construction of a railroad across North America. Following the establishment of the confederate states of America in 1862 the US Congress hastened efforts to connect the gold rich West to the union. The driving of the golden Spike attracted international attention, recognizing a notable engineering fee. The completed railroad offered a route from the nations interior to the West Coast.
144
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the Mexican war 1846-48. Mexico recognized Texas as a state and gave up any claims to the territory. It recognized the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and authorize transference of land that include California and New Mexico to the United States.
145
Turtle Bayou Resolutions 1832
Texans challenge the imprisonment of three men for violating the policies of a Mexican official. Resolution stated that the Texans were not revolting against Mexico, but they supported the actions of Antonio Santa Ana, who led revolt to restore constitution of 1824.
146
World Regions
Regions are divisions of Earth space that are similar or linked in same way. The world can be divided into regions in a number of ways, such as by climate, vegetation, culture, and or locational or environmental factors.
147
US Constitution
Is a document that outlines the powers of government. One of the foundations of the American system of government rest on the use of a written constitution, defining the principles of government and establishing the limits of power. US Constitution was written to resolve problems created by articles of confederation. A.of C established a national Congress with limited number of powers, including the authority to make laws and enter into treaties with other nations.
148
Inalienable rights
Fundamental rights or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. Declaration of independence, acquainted, natural rights with several truths, “ that all men are created equal”, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights.
149
Urbanization
Occurs when the percentage of people living or working in cities increases compared to the percentage living in the country. The process of urbanization begins with the movement of people to and the clustering of people in towns and cities.
150
Vegetation region
Earth is covered with a variety of different associations of vegetations. Grows in a region varies with soil, temperature, and precipitation. Four types of vegetation regions can be identified in Texas and US: forest, savanna, grassland and desert. The most single important factor affecting the de distribution of these vegetation types is precipitation.
151
Virginia House of burgesses
Was an assembly of elected officials from the Virginia settlement. It was the first representative assembly in the colonies, and it served as a model for other colonies.
152
War of 1812
Resulted from the need to protect and further the Republican experiment in the US through an effort to make European powers respect US policies. US was drawn into it because of economic ties to the warring nations of Great Britain in France. Economy suffered due to self imposed restrictions on trade and actedby President Jefferson with embargo of 1807 and President Monroe non-intercourse act of 1807.
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Washington’s farewell address
Washington decided not to pursue a third term. As president thereby allowing the election of a successor. He stressed, three dangerous facing the nation first related to the rise of political parties. He believed could divide Americans and destroy the cooperation needed in government. Second was sectionalism/political divisions based on geographic loyalties. Third was the involvement in European robberies that repeatedly drove those nations to war. Supportive preservation of religion and morality as the “great pillars of human happiness” and educational institutions for “general diffuse of knowledge”. 
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Western hemisphere
Geographers divide the Earth( a sphere) in half (hemisphere) using either the equator or prime meridian as the division. When using equator, north of equator is the north hemisphere and everything south as the south hemisphere.
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Westword expansion
Lands to the west lured explores, farmers, businessman, and other interested in expanding the US. Many issues made the Westword movement of people and business difficult. Native American slowed settlement as they fought to preserve their homes and hunting ground states and nations disputed boundaries.
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Woman rights
Economic, social, political, rights for women equal to those granted men. In 1840s many women sought equal representation through suffrage( the right to vote) . The 19th amendment to the constitution protected this right.
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Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah
Day of atonement, is the most important Jewish holiday and a day of fasting to a tone for sins. Hashanah is the feast of the new year that occurs on September or October each year eight days before Yom Kippur.
