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Food Packaging > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of ‘packaging?’

A

The enclosure of products, with at least one functional purpose (contain, protect, communicate, preserve, etc)

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2
Q

List the main functions of food packaging (8)

A 
contain
protect
preserve
transportation
sanitation
information
convenience
visual appeal
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3
Q

What was the first historically known type of packaging?

A

Egypt: cast/blown glass bottles, papyrus

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4
Q

What was the first case of package labelling?

A

Greece: labeled olive oil amphora handles (production date)

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5
Q

What is the main disadvantages of clay?

A

fragile and heavy

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6
Q

What special type of flexible packaging was developed in China? What unique properties did it have

A

Treated mulberry bark

act as insect deterrent
too complex to produce commercially

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7
Q

Where was papermaking developed?

A

China (hand production)

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8
Q

Where was paper commercialized on an industral scale?

A

Europe, then North America

machine production, improved quality

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9
Q

What was a simple invention in the 1500s to close bottles? What was the benefit?

A

Cork stoppers

sealing increased shelf life

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10
Q

What is Nicolas Appert famous for?

A

invention of heat preservation of food in glass containers (father of canning)

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11
Q

The first canning process was done using what packaging?

A

glass jars

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12
Q

What were the first metal food cans made of? Who invented it?

A

Tin

Peter Durand

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13
Q

Why were tin cans not very popular when first introduced?

A

No can opener available; didn’t exist until 50 years later

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14
Q

Who invented metal tin tubes, and for what inital purpose?

A

John Goffe Rand

To hold paint (later used for toothpaste)

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15
Q

What did John L. Mason patent? What is a particular merit of his invention?

A

Mason Jar

convenient and forms tight seal (rubber)

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16
Q

What paper innovation was made in the late 1800s?

A

first US patents for corrugated paperboard

A.L. Jones

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17
Q

Early containers for milk were made of _____

A

glass (late 1800s)

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18
Q

Nabisco stands for: ____. They were the first company to use _____ on a large scale

A

national biscuit company

paperboard boxes

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19
Q

What plastic film was developed in early 1900s?

A

cellophane

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20
Q

The word ‘cellophane’ comes from: ________

A

cellulose + diaphane (French for transparent)

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21
Q

What is cellophane made from?

A

cellulose with added glycerol as plasticizer

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22
Q

What was foil wrapping first used for?

A

Life Savers, candy, gum, etc (early 1900s)

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23
Q

What was the first foil made from, and what is used today?

A

Tin (reactive, can impart off-flavor)

Aluminum used today

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24
Q

Advantages of foil wrapping over paper: (3)

A

shiny (pretty)
stronger
better barrier

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25
What is known as both the best and worst invention?
plastic
26
first form of plastic made:
polyester
27
Chemical structure of plastics:
artificial polymer
28
First plastic bottles were made from:
PETE (polyethylene terephthalate)
29
What are advantages of plastic? (2)
cheap | durable
30
What are the disadvatages of plastic? (2)
difficult to break down possible chemical migration?
31
What became the most important packaging film in the world? Where was it discovered?
Polyethylene England
32
What forms of polyethylene exist?
PE HDPE (high density) LDPE (low density) LLDPE (linear low density)
33
What is thermoforming?
process of heating & forming sheet plastics (shrinkable film)
34
Where did thermoforming originate?
France (1930s)
35
Polyamide (PA) is also known commonly as _____. What was its first use in the food industry?
nylon film packaging, molded parts in aerosol valves
36
prior to its use in packaging, nylon was used in: ____
toothbrush bristles (by DuPont)
37
What is "saran wrap"
polyvinylidene chloride (PVC) high barrier material to extend shelf life of foods
38
Who produced the first commercial aerosol cans?
Continental Can Company
39
When were beverage cans introduced, and in what material?
Mid-1900s | Aluminum
40
What can shrink wrap be used for? (3)
individual wrapping bundling of packages/pallets barrier
41
What are 'boil in bag" products?
heat stable packages; can put entire package in boiling water (convenient)
42
Plastic tubs for ____ were the first to appear on marketplace
cottage cheese (1960s)
43
What is 'composite' packaging?
packaging with combination of materials
44
When was a new type of composite packaging for frozen juice developed? What were the materials?
1960s (spiral wound composite juice cans) paper + metal
45
in the 1960s, milk jugs were developed from ______
HDPE
46
True/False: beer cans were introduced a few years after other beverage cans
True
47
What materials were used for coffee cans?
steel | plastic lids
48
Mayonnaise is usually contained in a ______
HDPE jar
49
large soft drink bottles are made from:
PETE (PET)
50
what was the origin of the cash deposit for recyclable bottles? What is its purpose?
``` Oregon (1972) restrict packaging (envrionment) ```
51
What is a UPC?
Universal Product Code
52
How many characters can a UPC contain?
max: 30
53
What do UPC codes allow?
fast scanning/identification/pricing of product (by laser)
54
coffee can be contained in _____ pouches
metallized
55
'ageless oxygen absorbents' | What is their purpose?
absorb O2 to protect shelf life
56
What is MAP? Where did it first appear
Modified Atmosphere Packaging | Germany
57
What types of packets were developed to place into food packaging to protect shelf life?
ageless oxygen absorbers ethanol vapor generators
58
preservative packets can work by either absorbing ____ or releasing _____
oxygen | ethanol
59
What is "FreshMax?"
oxygen absorbent label used in MAP processed meat
60
What are reasons for growth of new packaging? (4)
industrial revolution new materials/equipment changing demographics changes in merchandising
61
Major changes caused by industrial revolution: (5)
``` mass production began shift from agriculture to factory work new working class & urbanization Increased transport of food Growth of city food shops ```
62
Modern day widespread use of packaging is made possible through: (2)
materials | high speed machinery
63
How does changing demographics affect food packaging?
Increased need for convenience packages and portion control | more working, less meal prep time, away from home, singles, seniors
64
How has changes in merchandising affected food packaging? (2)
small stores -> big supermalls/internet/warehouses increased # of products flashier, attractive packaging (competition)
65
priorities of package development
``` preserve/protect convenience marketing material reduction safety/tamper-proof environmental issues ```
66
1800s packaging developments
Appert: canning in glass jars Durand: tin jars Goffe Rand: tin extruded tubes Mason Jars Corrugated paperboard glass milk bottle paperboard boxes
67
1910s developments:
cellophane foil wrap
68
1930s developments
polyethylene thermoforming nylon packaging
69
1940s developments
PVC (saran wrap) commercial aerosol cans
70
1960s developments
aluminum cans oriented shrink wrap boil in bag products plastic cottage cheese containers spiral wound composite juice cans HDPE milk jugs Steel coffee cans Screw-off closures for beer bottles HDPE Mayo jars
71
1970s developments
PETE plastic bottles for soft drinks Oregon banned use of non-returnable bottles for soft drinks UPC MAP packs appear in Germany Metallized pouches for coffee ethanol spray to reduce mold on partially baked pizza ageless O2 absorbers MAPK appears in UK
72
1980 Developments
ethanol vapor generators
73
1990s developments
FreshMax used in MAP processed meats

Food Packaging (11 decks)

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