History Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
A systematic, often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or period, often including an explanation of their causes.
A
History
2
Q
An advanced state of human society marked by a relatively high level of cultural, technical and political development.
A
Civilization
3
Q
An enduring and cooperating large-scale community of people having common traditions, institutions and identity, whose members have developed collective interests and beliefs through interaction with one another.
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Society
4
Q
The integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Culture
5
Q
A particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people or period.
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Style
6
Q
The manner in which meaning, spirit, or character is symbolized or communicated in the execution of an artistic work.
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Expression
7
Q
An ancient region in western Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, comprising the lands of Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians, now part of Iraq.
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Mesopotamia
8
Q
An agricultural region arching from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the west to Iraq in the east, the location of humankind’s earliest cultures.
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Fertile Crescent
9
Q
A cave in Lascaux, France, containing wall paintings and engravings though to date from 13000 - 8500 BCE.
A
Lascaux Cave
10
Q
The architecture developed by the Sumerians, who dominated southern Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, characterized by monumental temples of sun-dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of ther predecessors.
A
Sumerian Architecture
eg. The ziggurat at Warka (reconstructed by Saddam Hussein):
11
Q
An ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, where a number of independent cities and city-states were established as early as 5000 BCE. A number of its cities, such as Eridu, Urik and Ur, are major archeological sites.
A
Sumer
12
Q
An artificial mound accumulated from the remains of one or more ancient settlements; often used in the Middle East as part of a place name.
A
Tell (eg. Tell Qarqur)
13
Q
A Neolithic settlement in Anotolia, dated 6500 - 5000 BCE. One of the world’s earliest cities, it had mud-brick fortifications and houses, frescoed shrines, a fully developed agriculture, and extensive trading in obsidian, the chief material for tool-making.
A
Catal Huyuk
14
Q
A vast plateau between the Black, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas, synonymous with the peninsula of Asia Minor; today comprises most of Turkey.
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Anatolia
15
Q
Of, pertaining to, or existing in the time prior to the recording of human events, knowlidge of which is gained mainly through archaeological discoveries, study, and research.
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Prehistoric
16
Q
Of or relating to the last phase of the Stone Age, characterized by cultivation of grain crops, domestication of animals, settlement of villages, manufacture of pottery and textiles, and use of polished stone implements, though to have begun c. 9000 - 8000 BCE.
A
Neolithic
17
Q
A period of human history that began c. 4000 - 3000 BCE, following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age, characterized by the use of bronze implements.
A
Bronze Age
18
Q
A Bronze Age culture that flourished in the Indus Valley c. 2300 - 1500BCE.
A
Harappa
19
Q
A Neolithic culture in China centered around the fertile plains of the Yellow River, characterized by pit dwellings and fine pottery painted in geometric designs.
A
Yang-shao , Yang Shao
20
Q
A legendary dynasty in China, 2205 - 1766 BCE.
A
Xia or Hsia
The Xia dynasty is the legendary, possibly mythical first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, the Classic of History and the Records of the Grand Historian.
21
Q
A Chinese dynasty, c. 1600 - 1030BCE, marked by the introduction of writing, the development of an urban civilization, and a mastery of bronze casting.
A
Shang or Yin
22
Q
The indigenous architecture of a vast country in eastern Asia whose civilization has continually evolved and survived longer than any other nation in the world. Despite the marked diversity in the architecture of various regions caused by differences in geographic and climatic conditions, a unique sstem of wood frame construction gradually took shape over several millennia of innovation and synthesis and exerted a profound influence over the architecture of Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
A
Chinese Architecture
23
Q
The architecture of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River in northwest Africa from before 3000 bce to its annexation by Rome in 30BCE, characterized esp by the axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief. A preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife dominated the building of these funerary monuments and temples, which reproduced the features of domestic architecture but on a massive scale using stone for permanence.
A
Egyptian Architecture
24
Q
The architecture of the Hittite Empire, which dominated Asia Minor and northern Syria from about 2000 tk 1200BCE, characterized by fortifications of cyclopean stone masonry and gateways with portal sculptures.
A
Hittite Architecture
25
The Mesopotamian architecture developed under the Assyrian king-emperors of the 9th to 7th centuries BCE. Within city walls strengthened by towers with crenelated battlements, palaces too precedence over religious buildings. Vaulting played a greater role than in southern Mesopotamia and polychrome glazed brickwork showed the influence of Egyptian decoration.
Assyrian Archtiecture
26
A Babylonian legal code instituted by Hammurabi in the mid-8th century BCE, based on principles from Sumerial Culture.
Code of Hammuraby
"Adultery
Ex. Law # 129: "If the wife of a man has been caught lying with another man, they shall bind them and throw them into the waters. If the owner of the wife would save his wife then in turn the king could save his servant"
27
The architecture of the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on Crete from about 3000 to 1100 BCE, named after the legendary King Minos of Knossos and characterized by the elaborate palaces at Knossus and Phaetus.
Minoan Architecture
28
The architecture of the Aegean civilization that spread its influence from Mycenae in southern Greece to many parts of the Mediterranean region from about 1600 to 1100BCE, characterized by shaft graves, moonumental beehive tombs, and palaces fortified with cyclopean walls.
Mycenean Architecture
29
The architecture of the civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula, in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa, and in the western Mediterranean until the establishment of Roman dominion in 146CE, characterized by a system of construction based on rules of form and proportion. Temples of post-and-lintel construction were continually refined in a quest for perfection and their design influenced a wide range of secular, civic buildings.
Greek Architecture
30
A chinese dynasty, c 1030 - 256 BCE, marked by the division of China into separate feudal states, and the emergence of Confucianism and Taoism, which gave thrust to all subsequent Chinese Culture.
Zhou or Chou
The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) was the longest-lasting of ancient China's dynasties. It followed the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) and it finished when the army of the state of Qin captured the city of Chengzhou in 256 BCE.
31
A philosophy that dominated China until the early 20th century, an ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing love for humanity, harmony in though and conduct, devotion to family, and reverence for parents, including the spirits of the one's ancestors.
Confucianism
32
A standard unit of space in Chinese architecture, marked by adjacent frame supports. The nature and appropriate scale of a building determine the number of jian to be allotted; the resulting width, depth, and height of the building then determine the number of fen required for the cross section of each structural member. The spatial unit serves as the basis for the modular structure of a Chinese city: a number of jian connected become a building; several buildings arranged along the sides of a lot frame a courtyard; a number of courtyard units side by side become an alley; several alleys line up to create a small street districtl a number of such districts form a rectangular ward; wards surround te palace-city and create a grip of streets.
Jian
33
In chinese philosophy and religion, the interaction of two opposing and complementary principles - one that is feminine, dark, and negative (yin) and the other is masculing, bright and positive (Yang) - that influences the destines of creatures and things.
Yin-Yang
34
Bright hall, a ritual structure in Chinese architecture that serves as the symbolic center of imperial power.
Mingtang
35
Jade ring moat; a ritual structurei Chinese architecture enclosing a space in the shape of the bi, a flat jade ceremonial disk. Originally a separate structure, the biyong later became part of a single ritual complex with the mingtang.
Biyong
36
Spirit Altar; a raised astronomical observatory in Chinese architecture, usually the central, circular upper story of the mingtang.
Lingtai
37
Of or pertaining to Mesoamerical culture from 2200 BCE to 100CE
Preclassic
38
The Mesopotamian architecture that developed after the decline of the Assyrian Empire, deriving much from Assyrian architecture and enchanced by figured designs of heraldic animals in glazed brickwork.
Neo-Babylonian Architecture
eg. Ishtar Gate
39
A series of irrigated ornamental gardens planted on the terraces of the Citadel, the palace complex in ancient Babylon, regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
40
The architecture developed under the Achaemenid dynasty of kings who ruled ancient Persia from 550 BCE until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE, characterized by a synthesis of architectural elements of surrounding countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece.
Persian Architecture
eg. Hall of Hundred Columns and Palace of Percepolis
41
A telamon portrayed in Persian Dress.
Persian
42
The grand columnar audience hall in a Persian Palace.
Apadana
43
The architecture developed under Parthian rule in Iran and western Mesopotamia, from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, combining classical with indigenous features.
Parthian architecture
44
Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, culture, and art, pes. before the time of Alexander the Great.
Hellenic
45
Of or pertaning to Greek history, culture, and art from the time of Alexander the Great's death in 323 BCE through the 1st century BCE, during which Greek dynasties were established in Egypt, Syria, and Persia, and Greek culture was modified by foreight elements.
Hellenistic
46
The architecture of the Etruscan people in west-central Italy from the 8th to 3rd centuries BCE, before the rise of Rome. Its construction methods, esp that of the true stone arch, influenced later Roman Architecture.
Etruscan Architecture
47
A fortified wall commenced under the Zhou dynasty to protect China against nomads from the north and serve as a means of communication. Various sections were built and connected until, during the Ming dynasty, it extended for 1500 miles (2415km), from southern Kansu province to the coast east of Beijing.
Great Wall of China
48
A dynasty in China, 221 - 206 BCE, marked by the emergence of a centralized government and the construction of much of the Great Wall of China.
Qin or Ch'in
49
The architecture of the Indian subcontinent, from the Indus valley culture of the Harappa to the Mauryan era, and later to period of foreign domination and indigenous rule, characterized esp. by Hindu and Buddhist monuments, sometimes sharing the same site, and rhythmic, stratified multiplication of motifs and profuse carved ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuous,
Indian Architecture
eg. Akshardam Temple, South delhi
50
A member of an ancient Indian people who united northern India and established an empire c. 320BCE, architecture from this period shows the cultural influence of Achaemenid Persia and the first use of dressed stone.
Maurya
51
Chinese philosophy and religion considered next to Confucianism in importance. Base on the teachings of Lao-tzu, it emphasizes a life of simplicity and noninterference with the course of natural events in order to attain a happy existence in harmony with the Tao. As a religion, it dates from 143CE, becoming popular during the decline of the Han dynasty and the introduction of Buddhism to China.
Taoism
52
The Way; the creative principle that orders the universe.
Tao
53
A pre-Incan culture that flourished on the northern coast of Peru from c 200BCE to 700 CE, noted for its fine pottery and the colossal Temple of the Sun, a terraced pyramid made entirely of adobe bricks.
Mochica or Moche
54
The architecture of the Mesoamerican civilization, which flourished c1200 - 500 BCE in the tropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast, characterized by temple-pyramids and large ceremonial centers.
Olmec Architecture
eg. Chichen Itza Pyramid, Mayan civilization, Mexico
55
A Peruvian culture lasting from c1000BCE to c200BCE, based on the worship of the jaguar god and characterized by excellent stone sculpture, elaborate gold work, and remarkable ceramics, named after a town in central Peru, where a complex of massive stone buildings with subterranean galleries surround formal courtyards.
Chavin
56
The architecture of the Chavin Civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands from 900BCE to 200CE, characterized chiefly by the Chavin de Huantar temple complex.
Chavin Architeture
57
A column of rock portraying a Chavin mythical being who provided the god's oracular declamations.
Lanzon
58
The architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, on which the Italian renaissance and subsequent styles, such as the Baroque and the Classic Revival, based their development.
Classical archtiecture
eg. Temple of Apollo, Corinth, Greece
59
The main north-south route in an ancient Roman town or military camp.
Cardo
60
The main east-west route in an ancient Roman town or military camp.
Decumanus
61
An ancient Roman military camp having streets laid out in a grid pattern.
Castrum
62
The architecture of the ancient Roman people, characterized by massive brick and concrete construction employing such fatures as the semicircular arch, the barrel and groin vaults, and the dome, a simplicity and grandeur of massing often combined with elaborate detailing, the elaboration of the Green orders as purely decorative motifs for the adornment of facades and interiors, and the use of marble linings, mosaics and molded stucco in interiors.
Roman architecture
63
A city in the central part of Italy, which, according to tradition, was founded by Romulus and Remus in 758 BCE, ancient capital of the Roman Empire and site of Vatican City, the seat of authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
Rome
64
An elaborate public bathing establishment of the ancient Greeks and Romans, consisting of hot, warm, cool plunges, sweat rooms, and athletic and other facilities.
Thermae
65
The room in an ancient Roman tthermae containing hot water for batching.
Caldarium
66
A room containing a bath of moderately warm water in an ancient Roman thermae, located between the frigidarium and the caldarium.
Tepidarium
67
The room in an ancient Roman thermae containing a bath of unheated water.
Frigidarium
68
A system of flues in the floor or walls of ancient Roman buildings, especially baths, the provided central heating by receiving and distributing the heat from a furnace.
Hypocaust
69
An underground cemetery consisting of linked galleries and chambers with recesses for coffings and tombs. The term most commonly refers to the subterranean complex of layered corridors with burial vaults, chambers and niches, covered with inscribed tablets and often decorated wit hfrescoes, built by the early Christians in and near Rome.
catacombs
70
The dynasty of the Mauryan empire in northern India, 320 - 540CE, whose court was the center of classical Indian art and literature, the earliest substantial architectural remains are from this period.
Gupta
71
A Hindu state established in southern India c350CE; contributed to the expansion of Indian culture into Southeast Asia.
Pallava
72
A style of Indian architecture in the Pallava period, named after the language spoken in southern India.
Dravidian
eg. Brihadeeswarar Temple
73
Of or pertaining to Mesoarmerican culture from 100 - 900CE.
Classic
74
The area extending rom central Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula to Honduras and Nicaragua in which pre-Columbian civilizations flourished. These cultures shared temple-pyramids and a pantheon of deities including sun, wind and rain gods. While they excelled in astronomy and the measurement of time, they are not known to had the use of the whenn, iron implements or an understanding of the true arch,
Mesoamerica
75
Of or pertaining to the Americas before the voyages of Columbus.
Pre-Columbian
76
The architecture of the Mesoamerican civilization of the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, and part of Honduras, from the 1st century CE to its peak in the 9th century, characterized by magnificent ceremonial centers with temple-pyramids, ritual ball courts, spacious plazas and palaces with sculptured facades.
Mayan Arhictecture
eg. Temple I, Guatamela
77
Mayan word for the deep water-filled sinkholes that the Itza associated with the underworld.
Cenote
78
The final phase of Roman architecture, following the adoption of Christianity as the state religion by Constantine in 313 CE and lasting until the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 CE as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, characterized by churches planned for congregational worship, esp. the basilica; coincident with and related to the rise of Byzantine architecture.
Early Christian Architecture
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome (c432AD)
79
The architecture of the European Middle Ages, comprising the architecture of the Byzantin, pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic periods.
Medieval Architecture
eg Rouen Cathedral
80
The time in European history between classical antiquity and the Renaissance, often dated from 476 CE, when Renaissance, often dated from 476CE, when Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed, to about 1500.
Middle Ages
81
The early part of the Middle Ages, from about 476CE to c 1100.
Dark Ages
82
The architecture of the eastern sphere of the later Roman Empire, developing from late Roman and early Christian antecedents in the 5th century CE and influencing church building in Greece, Italy, and elsewhere for more than a thousand years; characterized by masonry construction, round arches, shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, colored glass mosaics, and marble reverments to covel whole interiors.
Byzantine Architecture
83
The architecture prevalent in Persia under the Sassanian dynasty that ruled 226-651CE, forming a link between the older Mesopotamian traditions and the Byzantine, and characterized by palaces wth elliptical vaults and domes set on squinches and stuccoed masonry walls articulated by pilasters and cornices.
Sassanian architecture
84
A style of architecture emerging in Italy and western Europe in the 9th century and lasting until the advent of Gothic archtiecture in the 12th century, comprising a variety of related regional styles and characterized by heavy, articulated masonry construction wit hnarrow openings, the use of the round arch and barrel vault, the development of the vaulting rib and shaft, and the introduction of central and western towers for churches.
Romanesque Archtiecture
eg Maria Laach Abbey, Germany
85
The early Romanesque architecture of the Frankish dynasty that reigned in France 751 - 987CE and in Germany until 911CE, characterized by a revival of the forms of classical antiquity modified by ecclesiastical requirements.
Carolingian Architecture
eg Gate Hall Lorsch, west facade
86
The early Romanesque Architecture of northern Italy during the 7th and 8th centuries, characterized by the use of Early Christian and Roman forms and the development of the ribbed vault and vaulting shaft.
Lombard Archtiecture
eg Church of Santa Maria foris Portas at Castelseprio
87
The early Romanesque Architechture of the German dynasty that ruled as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 to 1002 CE, characterized by the development of forms derived from Carolingian and Byzantine concepts.
Ottonian Architecture
eg. St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim.
88
The early Romanesque architecture of England before the Norman Conquest in 1066, characterized by the translation of timber prototypes into stone.
Anglo-Saxon Architecture
eg Anglo-Saxon stone carving at Earls Barton church, Northamptonshire
89
The Romanesque archtiecture introduced from Normandy into England before the Norman Conquest and flourishing until the rise of Gothic architecture, c1200, characterized by the building of great Benedictine abbeys, the two-tower facade supplementing a central tower over the crossing, and the use of geometric ornamentation.
Norman Architecture
eg Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen
90
The conquest of England by the Normans under William the Conqueror, in 1066.
Norman Conquest
91
A well commonly found in western India, often several stories deep and having architectural features esp long staircases that reach down to a dependable, year-round supply of water from underground aquifers.
Stepwell, bawdi, vaav, vav, baoli
eg Chand Baori
92
The eclectic architecture of the Amerindian civilization, which flourished c500 BCE - 1000CE in the highland valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico, assimilating influences from the Olmecs and from Teotihuacan during Classic period.
Zapotec architecture
eg city of Monte Albán
93
A pre-Incan culture existing c300BCE - c900 CE, chiefly in Peru and Bolivia, characterized by monolithic stone carving, polychrome pottery and bronze artifacts.
Tiahuanaco
eg The Gateway of the Sun from the Tiwanaku civilization in Bolivia
94
The architecture of the Muslim peoples from the 7th century on, developing in the wake of Muhammadan conquests of diverse territories from Spain in the west to India in the east and absorbing elements of art and architecture from each region; characterized by the development of the mosque as a distinct building type, domes and tunnel vaults of brick and stone, round and horseshoe arches, and rich surface decorations incorporating calligraphy and floral motifs in a geometric framework because of the ban on human and animal representations.
Islamic Architecture, Muslim Architecture, Muhammadan Architecture, Saracenic Architecture.
95
The religious faith of Muslims, based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, the central themes of which are belief in the one God, Allah, the existence of Paradise and Hell, and the universal Judgment Day to come. Also, the civilization built on Islamic faith.
Islam or Muhammadanism
96
Arab Prophet and founder of Islam, 570 - 632CE.
Muhammad or Mohammed
97
The Islamic Architecture of North Africa and esp. of the regions of Spain under Moorish domination, characterized by the building of large mosques and elaborate fortress-palaces.
Moorish Architecture
eg. Interior of the Mezquita, Córdoba
98
A member of the Muslim people of northwest Africa who invaded Spain in the 8th century and occupied it until 1492.
Moor
99
A style of Spanish architecture produced from the 9th to 15th centuries by Christians under Moorish influence, characterized by the horseshoe arch and other Moorish features.
Mozarabic Style
100
A castle or fortress of the Spanish Moors, specifically, the palace of the Moorish kings in Seville, Spain, which was later used by Spanish Kings.
Alcazar
eg The Alcázar of Segovia.
101
The architecture of the civilization that emerged on the Japanese archipelago off the east coast of Asia, characterized by a synthesis of seminal ideas from China and native conditions producing a distinctive style characterized by lightness, delicacy and refinement.
Japanese Architecture
eg. Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto, originally built in 1397 (Muromachi period)
102
A period in Japanese history, 710 - 794CE, characterized by the adoption of Chinese culture and form of government, named after the first permanent capital and chief Biddhist center in ancient Japan.
Nara
103
Of or pertaining to the period in Japan, 785 - 1185CE, characterized by the modification and naturalization of ideas and institutions that were earlier introduced from China. During this time indigenous feudalism superseded Chinese-based social order and Japanese architecture developed in isolation from China.
Heian
104
A japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes experiential wisdom, meditation, and intuition in the attainment of enlightenment, in Mandarin Chinese, Chan, derived from the Sanskrit word dhyana.
Zen
105
A japanese term - variously translated as a gap, interval, or pause in time and space - referring to an aesthetic principle reflecting Zen Buddhist spatial ideas; time and space are indivisible; the space left void is just as important as the space that is filled, emptiness interacts with and shapes substance. The concept of ma can refer to the coids in sculpture, the intervals of space in architecture, the spacing of notes in a song, or the pauses in a spoken phrase.
Ma
106
The sacred spirits of Shintoism, which can take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers, and fertility.
Kami
107
A place of idyllic beauty and contentment; Samuel Taylor Coleridge's modification of Xandu, modern Shangtu and the site of Kublai Khan's summer residence in southeastern Mongolia.
Xanadu
108
The style of architecture originating in France in the 12th century and existing in the western half of Europe through the middle of the 16th century, characterized by the building of great cathedrals, a progressive lightening and heightening of structure, and the use of the pointed arch, ribbed vault, and a system of richly decorated fenestration.
Gothic Architecture
109
The first of the three phases of French Gothic archtiecture from the 12th through the end of the 13th centuries, characterized by the pointed arch and geometric tracery.
Early French Style
110
The first of the three phases of English Gothic architecture from the late 12th through the 13th centuries, characterized by the lancet window and plate tracery.
Early English Style
111
The middle phase of French Gothic architecture from the end of the 13th through the late 14th centuries, characterized by circular windows with radiating lines of tracery.
Rayonnant Style
112
The second of the three phases of English Gothic architecture from the late 13th through the late 14th centuries, characterized by rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, and refinement of stonecutting techniques.
Decorated Style
113
The early development of the Decorated style in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, characterized by the use of geometric tracery.
Geometric Style
114
The later development of the Decorated style in the second half of the 14th century, characterized by use of curvilinnear tracery.
Curvillinear Style
115
The final phase of French Gothic architecture from the late 14th through the middle of the 16th centuries, characterized by flamelike tracery, intricacy of detailing and frequent complication of interior space.
Flamboyant Style
116
The final phase of English Gothic architecture prevailing from the late 14th through the early 16th centuries, characterized by perpendicular tracery, fine intricate stonework, and elaborate fan vaults.
Perpendicular Style or Rectilinear Style
117
Originally, a monastery church, later, any large or important church, such as a cathedral or the principal church of a town.
Minster
118
The architecture of the Khmer Empire, characterized by temple complexes consisting of four towers connected by covered galleries to a central dominant tower that represents Mount Meri, the legendary home of the Hindu gods, and a surrounding moat symbolizing the cosmic ocean.
Khmer Architecture
eg Angkor Wat is the masterpiece of Angkorian architecture.
119
A people of Cambodia who established an empire in the 5th century CE and dominated most of Indochina from the 9th to the 12th centuries.
Khmer
120
A temple tower in Khmer architecture constructed of stone and richly carved with bas-reliefs depicting epic tales and important events of Khmer history.
Prasat
Prasat (Khmer: ប្រាសាទ) is a Khmer and Thai term meaning "castle", "palace", or "temple" (derived from the Sanskrit prāsāda/ प्रासाद). It may refer to:
121
A large, shallow water tank in the architecture of the Khmer Empire, holding water for irrigation and symbolizing the font of the Hindu cosmos.
Baray
122
The architecture of the Amerindian culture centered in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico from c. 800 CE to the Spanish conquest, characterized by great stone masses, the use of interior stone columns, and the highly detailed fretwork of interior and exterior friezes.
Mixtec Architecture
123
The archtiecture of the Ameriindian people who settled in central Mexico around 900CE and who are traditionally credited with laying the foundation of Aztec culture, characterized by colossal basait telemones of Toltec warriors, collonades several ranks deep, and stone panels carved with human-headed jaguards and symbols of Quetzaticoatlm set in plain wall surfaces.
Toltec Architecture
124
Priest ruler of the Toltec people, who was deified as the feathered-serpent god called by that name.
Quetzalcoatl
125
An Amerindian people inhabiting the northern coast of Peru and having a highly developed urban culture that lasted from about 1000CE to its destruction by the Incas c. 1470.
Chimu
eg Chimú vessel representing a fisherman on a caballitos de totora (reed watercraft), 1100–1400. Museum of the Americas (Madrid).
126
The activity, spirit, or time of the humanistic revival of classical art, literature, and learning originating in Italy in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.
Renaissance
127
The various adaptions of Italian Renaissance architecture that occured throughout Europe until the advent of Mannerism and the Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the use of Italian Renaissance forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings.
Renaissance architecture
eg. The dome of Florence Cathedral (the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore)
128
The group of architectural styles that originated in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an emphasis on symmetry, exact mathematical relationships between parts and an overall effect of simplicity and repose.
Italian Renaissance Architecture
129
A style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed during the 15th century, characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in building by the free and inventive use of classical details.
Early Renaissance
130
A style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting, and in building, by the imitative use of who orders and compositional arrangements in the classical style, with great attention to the formulation of compostional rules after the precepts of Vitruvius and the precedents of existing ruins.
High Renaissance
131
Italian designation for a true cathedral.
Duomo
132
The Italian Renaissance architecture of the 15th century.
Quattrocento architecture
133
A style of Spanish architecture produced from the 13th to 16th centuries by Mudejars and Christians working within the Muslim tradition, characterized by a fusion of Romanesque and Gothic with Islamic Elements.
Mudejar Architecture
eg. Dome of the Cathedral of Teruel
134
A Muslim permitted to remain in Spain after the Christian reconquest, esp. during the 8th to 13th centuries.
Mudejar
135
The Islamic architecture of several Turkish dynasties that ruled over central and western Asia from the 11th to 13th centuries, much influenced by Persian architecture.
Seljun Architecture
eg. Çifte Minareli Medrese in Erzurum
136
The Islamic architecture of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century on, much influenced by Byzantine architecture.
Ottoman architecture
eg. Blue Mosque in Istanbul, a World Heritage Site and example of the classical style period of Ottoman architecture, showing Byzantine influence.
137
Of or pertaining to Mesoarmerican culture from 900CE to Spanish conquest in 1519.
Postclassic
138
The architecture of the Quechuan people who migrated into the Cuzco area about 1100CE and ruled Peru until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, characterized esp. by strong simple forms of smooth ashlar or polygonal masonry, which was cut, finished, and fitted with great precision without the use of iron chisels.
Inca architecture
eg. Kallanka, Machu Picchu
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The architecture of the Amerindian people who settled near the shore of Lake Texcoco in central Mexico c. 1352 and who rose to dominance c1450; characterized chiefly by the pyramid supporting twin temples on a common platform, approached by parallel stairways. The destruction of Aztec architecture by the Spanish conquistadors left few remains.
Aztec Architecture
eg. Aztec pyramid of Santa Cecilia Acatitlan
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A transitional style of English architecture that developed during the reign of the royal house of Tudor in the second half of the 16th century, characterized by the Tudor arch and the application of Renaissance details to buildings otherwise late Perpendicular in style.
Tudor Archtecture
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A style of archtiecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a century and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting and the decorative arts.
Baroque Architecture
eg. Façade of the Church of the Gesù, the first truly Baroque façade.
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The principles or styles characteristics of the culture, art, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome.
Classicism
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Art and architecture in the style of the ancient Greeks and Romans, as that of the Italian Renaissance and the neoclassical movements in England and the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Classic Revival or Classical Revival
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The classicism prevailing in the archtiecture of Europe, America, and various European colonies during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by the introduction and widespread use of Greek and Roman orders and decorative motifs, the subordination of detail to simple, strongly geometric compositions, and frequent shallowness of relief in ornamental treatment of facades.
Neoclassicism
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A protective fortress in or adjoining a German city, by extension, a term for several German palaces or parts of palaces, as in Dresden.
Zwinger
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The Italian Renaissance architecture of the 16th century.
Cinquecento architecture
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A style of decorative art that evolved from the Baroque, originating in France about 1720 and distinguished by fanciful, curved spatial forms and elaborate, profuse designs of shellwork and foliage intended for a delicate overall effect.
Rococo
eg. Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria) (1737-66)
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A style of ornament prevalent chiefly in 18th-century Europe, characterized by intricate patterns and extensive use of motifs identified as Chinese.
Chinoiserie
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The style of architecture, decoration and furnishings of the British colonies in America in the 17th and 18th centuries, mainly adapted to local materials and demands from prevailing English styles.
Colonial Architecture
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The Classic Revival style of the decorative arts and architecture current in the US from c1780 to c1830.
Feneral Style
eg. Massachusetts State House (1798, in a drawing by Alexander Jackson Davis, 1827
151
The Indo-Islamic architecture of the Mughal dynasty, 1526-1857, typified by monumental palaces and mosques with highly detailed decorative work.
Mughal architecture or Mogul architecture
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A transitional style in European architecture in the late 16th century, particularly in Italy, characterized by the unconventional use of classical elements. In the fine arts, Mannerism was chiefly characterized by a distortion of perspective, elongated forms and intense often strident color.
Mannerism
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The prevailing style of architecture, furniture and crafts current in England and the North American colonies, esp from 1714 to 1811, derived from classical, Renaissance and Baroque forms, named after the four kings named George who reigned successively during this period.
Georgian Architecture
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The neoclassic style of archtiecture, furnishings, and decoration in British history, 1811 - 20, during which George, Prince of Wales (Later George IV) was regent, similar to the Directoire and Empire styles and characterized by close imitation of ancient Greek forms as well as by less frequent and looser adaptations of ancient Roman, Gothic, Chinese and ancient Egyptian forms.
Regency Style
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Speaking architecture: a term used in 18th-century France to describe buildings whose plans or elevations create an image that suggests their functions.
Architecture Parlante
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A style of French furnishings and decoration preceding the Empire style, characterized by an increasing use of Greco-Roman forms along with an introduction, toward the end of Egyptian motifs; named after the Directory, the body of five directors forming the executive power of France from 1795 to 1799.
Directoire Style
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The neoclassic style of architecture, furnishings, and decoration prevailing in France and imitated in various other countries during the first French Empire, c. 1800 - 1830, characterized by the use of delicated but elaborate ornamentation imitated from Greek and Roman examples and by the occasional use of military and Egyptian motifs.
Empire Style
eg The Arc de Triomphe of the Place de l'Étoile, one of the most famous example of Empire architecture, commissioned in 1806 after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon I
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A movement aimed at reviving the spirit and forms of Gothic archtiecture, originating in the late 18th century but flourishing mainly in the 19th century in France, Germany, England, and to a lesser extend in the US Gothic remained the accepted style for churches well into the 20th century.
Gothic Revival
eg. Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium, Gothic Revival, 1899–1908
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The revival and eclectic archtiecture, decor and furnishings popular in English-speaking copuntries during the reign of Queen Victoria of England, 1837-1901, characterized by rapid changes of style as a consequence of aesthetic controversy and technological innovations, by the frequent presence of ostentatious ornament and by an overall trend from classicism at the start to romanticism and eclecticism at the middle of the period and thence to classicism again.
Victorian Architecture
eg. Victorian School of Art and Science at Stroud, Gloucestershire
160
A style of architecture favored by the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in late 19th century France and adopted in the US and elsewhere c1900, characterized by symmetrical plans and the eclectic use of architectural features combined so as to give a massive, elaborate, and often ostentatious effect. The term is sometimes used in a pejorative sense to designate excessive formalism disregarding considerations of structural truth, advanced aesthetic theory, rational planning, or economy.
Beaux-Arts Architecture
eg. The École des Beaux-Arts in Paris by François Debret (1819–32) then Félix Duban (1832–70), which gave its name to the Beaux-Arts architectural style
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A tendency in architecture and the decorative arts to freely mix various historical styles with the air of combining the virtues of diverse sources, or of increasing allusive content, particularly during the second half of the 19th century in Europe and the US.
Eclecticism
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Of or pertaining to works of architecture and the decorative arts that derive from a wide range of historic styles, the style in each instance being chosen for its deemed appropriateness to local tradition, geography or culture.
Eclectic
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A style of Victorian Gothic architecture in the 19th century adapted by artisan-builders to the resources of contemporary wood working tools and machinery.
Carpenter Gothic
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A secular version of Gothic archtiecture, as in the older colleges of Cambridge and Oxford.
Collegiate Gothic
eg. Blair Hall (1896–97), Princeton University, Cope and Stewardson, architects
165
A florid architectural style used for home built in the middle of the 19th century in the Ohio and Missisippi river valleys, suggesting the gingerbread-decorated construction of riverboats of the Victorian period.
Steamboat Gothic
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Heavily, gaudily, and superfluosly ornamented, esp. in architecture.
Gingerbread
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A building, such as a prison, hospital, or library, arranged so that all parts of the interior are visible from a single point.
Panopticon
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A design movement of the mid-19th century that emphasized the decorative use of materials and textures and the development of ornament as an integral part of a structure rather than as applied adornment.
Rationalism
eg. Teatro Carlo Felice, designed by Aldo Rossi, who is considered the founder of neo-rationalism
169
An eclectic style of American architecture in the second half of the 19th century, characterized esp. by the use of vertical board siding with battens or grids of boards over horizontal siding to express the frame construction materials beneath.
Stick Style
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A movement that originated in England c1860 as a reaction against poor-quality mass-produced goods, conceiving of craft and decoration as a single entity in the handcrafting of both utilitarian and decorative objects.
Arts and Crafts movement
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An Americal style of domestic archtiecture during the second half of the 19th century, characterized by the extensive use of wood shingles as exterior cladding over a timeber frame and frequenty asymmetrical and fluid plan arrangements.
Shingle Style
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A style of fine and applied art current in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by fluid, undulating motifs, often derived from natural forms.
Art Nouveau
eg Casa Battlo - Antoni Gaudi architecture
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The Italian version of Art Nouveau named after the firm of Liberty and Co. in London.
Stile Liberty
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The Austrian version of Art Nouveau, so named because its adherents seceded from the official Academy of Art in Vienna.
Sezession
eg The Sezession building in Vienna, designed by Joseph Olbrich.
175
The spanish, particularly Catalan, version of Art Nouveau.
Modernismo
eg The Essential Tour of Barcelona's Classic Modernista Architecture
176
Art Nouveau as practiced in German-speaking countries, from the German tern for youth style.
Jugendstil
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The revival of the Romanesque style in the US by Henry Hobson Richardson (1838 - 1886) and his followers, characterized by heavy arches, rusticated masonry walls, and dramatic asymmetrical effects.
Richardsonian Romanesque
eg. Trinity Church in Boston, an exemplar of Richardsonian Romanesque style.
178
A style of architecture in the mid-19th century, esp in Germany, characterized by the use of the round-arch motif and combining in various degrees elements from the Early Christian, Byzantin, Romanesque, and Early Renaissance styles from the German term for round-arched style.
Rundbogenstil
eg Entrance to the main building of Karlsruhe Polytechnic (Heinrich Hübsch, 1833–35)
179
A style of archtiecture associated with that of early Spanish colonial missions in Mexico and the southwestern US, mainly in the 18th century.
Mission Style
eg San Gabriel Civic Auditorium (1927), San Gabriel, California
180
A large, landed estate for farming and ranching in North and South American areas once under Spanish influence. Also, the main house on such as estate.
Hacienda
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A school of design established in Weimar, Germany, in 1919 by Walter Gropius, moved to Dessau in 1926, and closed in 1933 as a result of Nazi hostility. The concepts and ideas developed at the Bauhaus were characterized chiefly by the synthesis of technology, craft, and design aesthetics, with an emphasis on functional design in architecture and the applied arts.
Bauhaus
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A deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past in the arts and literature occurring in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles.
Modernism
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A functional architecture devoid of regional characteristics, developed in the 1920s and 1930s in Western Europe and the US and aplied throughout the world; characterized by simple geometric forms, large untextured, often white surfaces, large areas of glass, and general use of steel or reinforced concrete construction.
International Style
eg Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1951)
184
A school of art that was founded in the Netherlands in 1917, embracing painting, sculpture, architecture, furniture and the decorative arts, marked esp by the use of black and white with the primary colors, rectangular forms and asymmetry. From "The Style", the name of a magazein published by participants in the movement.
de Stijil
185
A style of painting and sculpture developed in the early 20th century, characterized by an emphasis on forman structure, the reduction natural forms to their geometrical equivalents, and the organization of the planes of a represented object independently of representational requirements.
Cubism
186
A movement in experimental, nonrepresentational painting originating in the US in the 1940s, embracing many individual styles marked in common by freedom of technique, a preference for dramatically large canvases, and a desire to give spontaneous expression to the unconscious.
Abstract Expressionism
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A movement in architecture in the 1950s, emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes, esp of cast-in-place concrete, with no apparent concert for visual amenity.
Brutalism
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A movement in archtiecture and the decorative arts that developed in the 1970s in reaction to the principles and practices of modernism, esp. the influence of the International Style, encouraging the use of elements from historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration and complexity.
Post- Modernism
eg Front facade of the Vanna Venturi house, one of the first major works of post modern architecture, known especially for the facade and its split gable.
189
A design concept characterized by buildings of utilitarian design but having fronts intended to elevate their importance or to announce their functions.
Decorated Shed
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The reference to a historical moment or style, esp by a building whose form adheres to the stylistic principles of an earlier period.
Historicism
191
The advance group in any filed, esp in the visual, literarym or musical arts, whose works are characterized chiefly by unorthodox and experimental methods.
Avant-garde
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A philosophy of architectural design that emerged in the early 20th century, asserting that a building should have a structure and plan that fulfill its functional requirements, harmonize with its natural environment, and form an intellectually lucid, integrated whole. The shapes or forms in such a work are often of irregular contour and seem to resemble or suggest forms found in nature..
Organic Architecture
193
A group of US architects active c1880 - 1910 and known for major innovations in high-rise construction and for the development of modern commercial building design.
Chicago School
194
A movement that originated in Moscow after 1917, primarily in sculpture but with broad application to architecture. The expression of construction was to be the basis for all building design, with emphasis on functional machine parts.
Constructivism
195
A style of decorative art developed originally in the 1920s with a revival in the 1960s, marked chiefly by geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines, often bold colors, and the use of such synthetic materials as plastics, shortened from Exposition Internationale Des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes, an exposition of modern and decorative arts held in Paris, France, in 1925.
Art Deco or Style Moderne
196
A design movement that evolved from several previous movements in Europe in the early 20th century, advocating the design of buildings, furnishings, or the like as direct fulfillment of functional requirements, with the construction, materials, and purpose clearly expressed and with aesthetic effect derived chiefly from proportions and finish to the exclusion or subordination of purely decorative effects.
Functionalism
197
A style of architecture exeplifying the commonest building techniques based on the forms and materials of a particular historical period, region or group of people.
Vernacular Architecture
198
A style of design incorporating industrial, commercial, and institutional fixtures, equipment, materials or other elements having the utilitarian appearance characteristic of industrial design.
High-Tech
eg The HSBC Hong Kong headquarters, completed in 1985, is one example of high-tech architecture.
199
A philosophical and critical movement that started in the 1960s, esp in the study of literature, questioning traditional assumptions about the ability of language to represent reality and emphasizing that a text has no stable reference because words essentially refer only to other words. A reader must therefore approach a text by eliminating any abstract reasoning or ethnocentric assumptions through an active role of defining meaning, sometimes by a reliance on etymology and new word construction.
Deconstruction
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