History Exam Review Flashcards

Question

95 theses

Answer 1

Luther preached against the indulgence trade - Challenged the Catholic Church = criticized the Church’s practice of selling indulgences - Questioning Church authority –> creates movement towards Protestant Reformation - Luther labelled as heretic - Declared Luther an outlaw, = anyone could kill him. Condemned to Hell

Answer 2

Goal: resolve conflict by dividing up the empire between Catholic and Lutheran states - Legal acceptance of both Catholicism and Lutheranism in the H.R.E

Answer 3

Against Martin Luther Wrote “Defense of the Seven Sacraments” “Defender of the Faith”

Answer 4

- institutionalized Protestantism - The clergy are permitted to marry - english became the language of prayer and the veneration of saints was ended

Answer 5

Married Catherine of Aragon (brothers wife) - obtained papal dispensation to do this –> Under Canon Law, a man could not marry his brother’s widow - she did not make any heirs –> maybe because God’s judgement on him marrying his brothers wife Henry wanted to marry someone else - Divorce is not recognized in the Catholic Church Henry found Anne Boleyn - For Henry to marry her, he needed a dispensation –> Pope would ignore Canon Law, but pope said no So, Henry creates ACT OF SUPREMACY, he now can marry Anne also: - printing bible in english - pope has no power over England

Answer 6

- brought up as Protestant - 9 years old when he became king - he did not want his sister, Mary, to be Catholic queen he chose Lady Jane instead - she ruled for 9 days - Mary finally became queen

Answer 7

Restored Catholicism in England - married Philip II of Spain (Spain was one of the most powerful Catholic countries) - Philip supported Mary in restoring Catholicism in England - Mary demanded that all English people return to the Catholic faith - Burned 300 Protestant heretics at the stake

Answer 8

daughter of Anne Boleyn brought back Protestantism made religious settlement with 2 main principles: - Religious uniformity –> must attend sunday services - compromise with Catholics –> their practices can remain Parliament passed the Act for the Assurance of the Queen’s Power - recognized Elizabeth, and not the Pope, as the head of the Church - England then remained broken from the Catholic Church

Answer 9

Why were they a problem in France? - nobility and middle class became Huguenots - Demonstrating their independence from the Catholic monarchy - They stood in the way of Catholic unity –> political threat How to solve the problem: - Catherine de Medici (Queen of France) made her daughter marry a Protestant leader why did she do this: - prevent further tensions between both groups - reconcile religious differences

Answer 10

ordered by Catherine de Medici why? - Fear of the growing influence of Protestantism and losing control over affairs lasted Several days - Resulted in the targeted killing of thousands of Huguenots in Paris and other cities across France - Catherine allegedly ordered the assassination of several Huguenots leaders -Violence quickly spread across France Significance: - Official start of religious conflict between Catholic + Protestants - Major blow for the Huguenots: weakened their political power/influence

Answer 11

- One of the longest and most brutal wars - Millions of casualties - Continuation of the religious war initiated by the Reformation

Answer 12

Philip’s Plan: - Invade England to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I - Build the Spanish Armada Significance: - Marked the ongoing struggle between Catholic Spain and Protestant England - Failure turned Elizabeth I into a formidable queen Defeat: - Destroyed by storms, known as the “Protestant Winds” Result: - Spanish Empire began to weaken after this failure

Answer 13

- Most significant monarch in Spanish history - Expanded Spanish territory - Devout Catholic, defender against Protestantism - Strong military power, absolute monarch How did he rule? - Believed in Divine Right — accountable only to God - Backed the Inquisition, persecuted Protestants - Encouraged new crops, irrigation, and tobacco monopoly to raise revenue

Answer 14

- Louis XIV = “The Sun King” ☀️ Chose sun as emblem to symbolize his radiant power Famous quote: “L’État, c’est moi” = “I am the state” Devout Catholic, used religious imagery to legitimize rule - Significance: 72-year reign (longest in French history) Promoted absolute monarchy Revoked the Edict of Nantes, removing rights from Huguenots Fostered national pride, centralized power - Why his reign declined: Harsh religious policies Costly wars Economic strain on France Growing resistance to absolutist rule over time

Answer 15

Commissioned by Louis XIV in 1662 Designed in French Baroque architecture: grand, classical, ornamental Features: - Gardens, fountains, statues = symmetry & balance - Rooms named after gods/goddesses Symbol of absolute power and wealth Louis XIV used Versailles to control the nobility - Nobles competed for access to daily routines (e.g. witnessing his waking, meals, rituals) - Daily Levee: formal reception to reinforce his dominance - Highly choreographed routines created dependence and admiration

Answer 16

- Judicial reforms, reduced torture, and encouraged education for peasants. - Frederick II’s policies aimed at modernizing Prussia while maintaining control.

Answer 17

- Expanded religious toleration, outlawed torture, abolished the death penalty, and improved the lives of Jews. - He promoted education and social equality as part of his reforms.

Answer 18

- Codified laws, restricted torture, allowed religious toleration, and attempted to reform education. - Her rule included various Enlightenment reforms aimed at modernizing Russia.

Answer 19

- State of war among men - Believed in Social contract - Absolute monarchy for societal order - Hobbes believed that people needed to surrender freedoms for security.

Answer 20

- State of nature characterized by freedom and equality - Social contract to protect natural rights - Right to rebel against oppressive governments

Answer 21

- Focused on self-preservation and compassion, which he believed were corrupted by society. - Rousseau argued for a social contract based on the general will of the people.

Answer 22

- Critical of organized religion, often associated with deism, and advocated for tolerance between religions. - He believed in the importance of free speech and honest debate.

Answer 23

- Consequentialism - Retributivism - Beccaria examined the purpose of punishment, advocating for reform in the criminal justice system. - Beccaria argued that preventing crime was more important than punishing it. - The Father of Criminal Justice

Answer 24

- The most prominent sponsor of salons - Gave financial support to the Encyclopedists

Answer 25

Spoke out for the right to education

Answer 26

Argued for women’s equality with men in every aspect of public and private life. - should have the right to vote, hold office, own property, and serve in the military.

Answer 27

Louis XVI became king in 1774 at age 20, inheriting a deeply indebted government. Contributed to economic crisis through extravagant spending, a regressive tax system, and foreign wars. His solution was to borrow money until it was no longer possible, then heavily taxed the people, causing widespread misery. Marie Antoinette, his wife from Austria, was unpopular and seen as a foreigner. Known for lavish spending on jewels and clothes, earning the nickname "Madame Deficit". Their extravagance and detachment from common people's struggles increased public resentment and unrest.

Answer 28

First Estate: "Those Who Pray" - ~100,000 clergy (priests, monks, bishops, nuns) - Owned 5–10% of the land - Collected tithes on agricultural products - Wealth and income concentrated among aristocratic clergy Second Estate: "Those Who Fight" - ~400,000 nobles - Owned 20–25% of land, worked by peasants - Exempt from land tax (taille) and forced labor (corvée) - Held powerful roles in the military - Experienced a resurgence of power after Louis XIV’s death Third Estate: "Those Who Toil" - 97–98% of the population (peasants, workers, craftspeople) - Faced rising costs of goods (up 65% since 1730), but wages rose only 22% - Paid multiple taxes: taille, gabelle (salt tax), corvée - Bore the financial burden of the state despite being the poorest

Answer 29

- Passed by the National Assembly in 1789, it was a foundational document of human liberties in France. - Marked the shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional government. - Declared people citizens of a nation, not subjects of a king. - Influenced by Enlightenment and bourgeois values: freedom of speech, press, and political participation. - Encouraged public discussion and change—used as propaganda to gain support for the revolution. Exclusions: - Women were not included in the rights or political participation. - No mention of women’s rights or equality. Significance: - The declaration was revolutionary in promoting citizen rights, but its failure to include women highlights the ongoing inequality and the limitations of early democratic ideals.

Answer 30

- The Bastille was a state prison used by King Louis XVI, symbolizing royal oppression. Why it was stormed (July 14, 1789): - Fear that Louis XVI was preparing the army to attack revolutionaries - Revolutionaries needed gunpowder and weapons stored in the Bastille - A mob demanded access to arms and artillery - Bastille surrendered; the governor and soldiers were killed, their heads placed on pikes Significance: - Symbolized the collapse of royal authority and became a powerful revolutionary symbol - Marked the start of widespread revolt, leading to "The Great Fear"

Answer 31

- Robespierre was the most powerful member of the Jacobins, a radical revolutionary group. - He was determined to ensure the success of the French Revolution. - Feared that foreign powers (like Austria and Britain) would intervene to restore the monarchy. ➡️ Role in the Reign of Terror (1793–1794): - Declared a “Rule of Terror” to eliminate all opposition to the revolutionary government. - Thousands were arrested or executed (often by guillotine) for being “enemies of the revolution.” - Although originally against capital punishment, Robespierre eventually accepted it, following Machiavelli’s belief that bloodshed is sometimes necessary to achieve political goals. Significance: - Became a symbol of revolutionary extremism and political violence. - His actions deeply shaped the course of the Revolution and created fear throughout France.

Answer 32

- Known as “The National Razor,” the guillotine became a powerful symbol of the Revolution. - Represented equality in death and a painless method of execution. Significance: - The guillotine came to symbolize both the justice and brutality of the Revolution—if the king could die, so could anyone.

Answer 33

- Napoleon created a meritocracy, meaning promotion was based on ability and performance, not social rank or nobility. - Soldiers were rewarded for doing well, regardless of their background. Napoleon's leadership style: - Lived like his soldiers: Slept in the same size tents Ate the same food Spoke directly to his troops This built a strong bond with his army, showing he shared their hardships and was committed to them. Significance: - Earned him the loyalty and respect of his soldiers - Reinforced the Revolutionary ideal of equality - Strengthened his military and leadership power

Answer 34

Significance: - The Napoleonic Code was a major legal reform created by Napoleon that standardized laws across France and became a model for many countries. - It reflected Enlightenment ideas while continuing key goals of the French Revolution. Pros (Strengths): - Promoted civil liberties and equality under the law - Protected middle-class interests - Introduced tax equality — everyone paid taxes - Improved education by establishing high schools across France Cons (Weaknesses): - Undermined some revolutionary reforms, especially for women - Women lost most newly gained rights and couldn’t vote - Wives were required to show obedience to husbands - Men regained full authority over family - Minorities had very few legal protections

History Exam Review Flashcards

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