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History Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Enlightenment?

A

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, logic, and scientific reasoning to improve human society and governance.

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2
Q

How did John Locke influence political thought?

A

John Locke developed the social contract theory and argued that people have natural rights (life, liberty, property), which governments must protect. The American and French Revolutions were inspired off of Locke’s ideas.

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3
Q

Why was Voltaire important?

A

Voltaire proposed freedom of speech and religion, criticized the abuses of monarchy and the Catholic Church, and advocated for civil liberties.

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3
Q

What was Montesquieu’s mains political contribution?

A

Montesquieu promoted the separation of powers within government to prevent tyranny, dividing authority into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

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4
Q

What did Rousseau argue about governance?

A

Rousseau believed in the general will—the idea that governments should reflect the collective desires of society. He supported direct democracy, where citizens govern themselves.

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5
Q

What economic ideas did Adam Smith promote?

A

Smith argued that free markets and minimal government intervention would lead to prosperity.

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6
Q

How did censorship affect Enlightenment thinkers?

A

The government banned books and persecuted intellectuals to suppress ideas that threatened their authority.

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7
Q

What were Enlightenment Despots.

A

Absolute rulers like Fredrick the Great and Catherine the Great who adopted Enlightenment principles while maintaining control.

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8
Q

How did the Enlightenment influence revolutions?

A

Ideas of individual rights, democracy, and rational governance inspired the American and French Revolutions, as well as nationalist movements across Europe.

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9
Q

What was the American Revolution?

A

A colonial rebellion against the British rule, driven by taxation without representation and Enlightenment principles like natural rights and democracy.

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10
Q

What caused the French Revolution?

A

Social inequality among the Three Estates, economic crisis from war debt and food shortages, and weak leadership from King Louis XVI.

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11
Q

Who were the Sans-Culottes?

A

Radical working-class revolutionaries who pushed for more extreme change.

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11
Q

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

A

A pledge by National Assembly members to draft a new constitution and create a fair political system.

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11
Q

What was the National Assembly?

A

A political body formed by the Third Estate, seeking to establish a representative government.

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12
Q

Why was the Fall of the Bastille significant?

A

The storming of the Bastille prison symbolized the uprising against royal tyranny, marking the start of the revolution.

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13
Q

Who was Maximillian Robespierre?

A

Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution, he oversaw the Reign of Terror and executed enemies of the Revolution.

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13
Q

What was the Reign of Terror?

A

A period where thousands were executed by guillotine, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette.

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14
Q

How did the French Revolution impact Europe?

A

A spread of liberty, fraternity, equality, and nationalism, inspiring unification movements in Italy and Germany.

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14
Q

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

A

A military leader who took power in 1799, later declared himself Emperor in 1804, and expanded French influence across Europe.

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15
Q

What was the Agricultural Revolution, and why was it important?

A

Advances in farming, like the Seed Drill (Jethro Tull), increased food production, which led to population growth and urbanization.

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16
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Europe?

A

Europe had natural resources, investment capital, and a growing workforce, which allowed industries like textiles to flourish.

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17
Q

What was the Water Frame?

A

A machine-powered spinning device that revolutionized fabric production in the textile industry.

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17
Q

How did laissez-faire economics impact industrial growth?

A

Advocated by Adam Smith, this policy minimized government interference, allowing business to grow without regulation.

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18
Q

What were the negative effects of industrialization?

A

Urban overcrowding, poor working conditions, child labor, and unsafe factories.

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19
What did the British Factory Act of 1833 do?
Limited child labor, reducing work hours for youn child and improving factory conditions.
20
How did industrialization change social classes?
Big business expanded, the middle class grew, but factory workers faced poverty and unsafe conditions.
21
What were capitalism and socialism?
Capitalism promoted private ownership and profits, while socialism advocated for wealth redistribution and government intervention.
22
What role did labor unions play?
Protected workers’ rights by demanding better wages and working conditions.
23
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture?
A leader of the Haitian Revolution, which was the first successful slave revolt, leading to Haiti’s independence.
23
What was the Concert of Europe, and what was its purpose?
The Concert of Europe was a diplomatic alliance between European powers after the Napoleonic Wars, designed to maintain balance and prevent future conflicts.
24
What happened in the 1830 July Revolution?
The French people overthrew King Charles X, replacing him with Louis-Philippe, known as the “Citizens King.”
25
What was the significance of the Revolutions of 1848?
These uprisings spread across Europe, demanding democratic reforms, national independence, and economic relief, but man were ultimately crushed by conservative forces.
25
Who was Father Miguel Hidalgo, and what did he do?
Hidalgo was a Mexican priest who led the Grito de Dolores (1810), the first call for Mexican independence from Spain.
26
Who was Simon Bolivar, and why is he called “El Libertador”?
Bolivar led independent movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, freeing them from Spanish rule. His military strategy helped shaped modern Latin America.
27
How did nationalism contribute to European unification?
Nationalism encouraged people with shared culture, language, and history to unite, leading to movements for Italian and German unification.
28
Who was Otto von Bismarck, and what was Realpolitik?
Bismarck was the Chancellor of Prussia who unified Germany using Realpolitik, a strategy focusing on practical power rather than idealism.
28
What was Kulturkampf, and why did Bismarck enforce it?
Kulturkampf was Bismarck’s policy to reduce Catholic Church influence in Germany, fearing the Pope’s control over German Catholics.
29
How was Italy unified?
Giuseppe Garibaldi led military campaigns in southern Italy, while Camillo Cavour negotiated diplomacy in the north, eventually forming the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
29
What challenges did Czarist Russia face?
Russia remained feudal, with serfdom restricting progress. Czar Alexander III introduced Russification, forcing minorities to adopt Russian culture.
30
What were pogroms, and how did they affect Russian Jews?
Pogroms were violent attacks against Jewish communities, worsening anti-Semitic discrimination under Russian rule.
31
What motivated European imperialism during the 19th century?
Desire for natural resources, new markets, military expansion, national prestige, and brief in European superiority.
32
How did the British East India Company control India?
The company exploited India’s economy, using British military power to dominate trade and enforce British rule.
33
What was the Sepoy Rebellion, snd why did it happen?
Indian soldiers (Sepoys) revolted against British military practices violating their religious beliefs. The British crushed the rebellion, establishing direct rule over India.
33
What was Sati, and how did British rule affect it?
A Sati was the Hindu practice where widows were burned alive after their husband’s death. The British banned it as part of their reforms in India.
34
Who was Mahatma Gandhi, and how did he influence India?
Gandhi led nonviolent resistance, pushing for Indian independence from British rule through boycotts, protested, and civil disobedience.
34
What was the Berlin Conference, and how did it affect Africa?
European nations divided Africa among themselves, ignoring African sovereignty and causing long-term ethnic conflicts.
35
What caused the Opium War, and what was the Treaty of Nanjing?
Britain forced China to trade Opium, leading to war. The Treaty of Nanjing gave Britain Hong Kong and expanded foreign control in Chi
36
What was the Boxer Rebellion, and why did it fail?
Chinese rebels attempted to expel foreign influence, but were defeated by European and American forces.
37
What was the Meiji Restoration, and how did it modernize Japan?
The Meiji Emperor reformed Japan, adopting Western technology, industry, and military tactics, making Japan an imperial super power.
38
What was the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and why was it significant?
Japan defeated Russia, marking the first time and Asian nation defeated a European power, shifting global influence.
39
What were the main causes of WWI?
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism created tensions in Europe, leading to war.
39
Who was Gavrilo Princip, and why is he important?
Principe as a Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking WWI.
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41
What was trench warfare, and why was it deadly?
Soldiers lived in muddy trenches, facing constant artillery, disease, and poison gas, making battles prolonged and brutal.
42
What were the effects of the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty punished Germany, demanding reparations, military restrictions, and territory losses, leading resentment that helped spark WWII.
42
Why was the U.S. neutral at first, and why did it enter WWI?
The U.S. remained neutral until Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram, which encouraged Mexico to attack the U.S.
43
What was the League of Nations, and why did it fail?
The League was designed to prevent future wars, but had no military enforcement and was ignored by aggressive nations like Germany and Japan.
44
What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution?
Russia faced economic hardship, extreme social inequality, military failures in WWI, and weak leadership from Czar Nicholas II. The dissatisfaction led to revolutionary uprisings.
45
Who was Czar Nicholas II, and why did he lose power?
Nicholas II was the last emperor of Russia. He was unable to resolve economic problems, failed to modernize Russia, and lost public support due to military defeats and food shortages.
46
What was the Bolshevik Revolution?
The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew Russia’s Provisional Government in October 1917, establishing a Communist state (USSR).
47
What were Lenin’s key policies after taking power?
Lenin redistributed land to peasants, nationalized industries, and introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) to allow some private enterprise.
48
Who was Leon Trotsky, and what role did he play in the revolution?
Trotsky was a key Bolshevik leader, organized the Red Army, and fought in the Russia Civil War (1918-1922) to defend Communist rule.
48
What was the Russian Civil War (1918-1922)?
A war between the Reds (Bolsheviks/Communists) and Whites (anti-Communists) over control of Russia. The Reds won, solidifying Communist control.
49
What was the Great Purge, and why did Stalin initiate it?
The Great Purge (1936-1938) was Joseph Stalin’s campaign to eliminate political enemies, leading to mass executions and imprisonment.
50
How did propaganda help establish Communist control in the USSR?
Government-controlled newspapers, posters, and education glorified Stalin, suppressed dissent, and promoted Communitst ideology.
50
How did Stalin’s Five-Year Plans impact Russia?
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans focused on rapid industrialization and collectivization of farms, modernizing Russia but causing widespread famine.
51
What defined the Roaring 20s, and how did it relate to to nationalism?
The Roaring 20s was a period of economic growth and cultural change that fueled nationalist movements, as nations pursued modernization and independence.
52
How did the women’s suffrage movement change political systems?
Women gained the right to vote, increasing democratic participation and shifting laws toward equal rights.
52
How did Mahatma Gandhi lead India’s independence movement?
Gandhi x nonviolent resistance (civil disobedience), encouraging boycotts of British good and leading mass protesters to end British rule in India.
53
What was the Good Neighbor Policy, and how did it affect Latin America?
The U.S. stopped military inventions in Latin America, focusing on economic cooperation instead.
53
Who was Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), and what was his role in China?
He led China’s Nationalists against the Communists, eventually losing yo Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War.
54
What was the Weimar Republic, and why did it fall?
Germany’s democratic government after WWI, weakened by economic struggles, political instability, and resentment from the Treaty of Versailles.
54
What cause the rise of totalitarianism regimes after WWI?
Economic depression, weak democratic governments, and public discontent allowed leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin to take power.
55
How did the Nuremberg Laws affect Jewish citizens in Germany?
The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of German citizenship, banned intermarriage, and set the foundation for persecution under Nazi rule.
55
How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany?
Hitler exploited economic hardships, used propaganda, and promised to restore German glory, ultimately becoming dictator in 1933.
55
What was a win Kampf, and what did it outline?
Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, outlined his antisemitic ideology, plans for German expansion, and vision for Nazi rule.
56
What was ultranationalism in Japan, and how did it shape it policies?
Japanese leaders prioritized military expansion invading China and Southeast Asia for resources and dominance.
57
How did Benito Mussolini establish power in Italy?
Mussolini used his Black Shirts paramilitary to intimidate opponents, promising to restore Italy’s strength through fascism.
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History (3 decks)

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