History of IR Flashcards
What are the origins of the Westphalian peace
1648
after lethal 30-year war
What was the concept that emerged from Westphalia
sovereign territoriality
What are the limits to Westphalia’s validation as the pure cause of sovereignty?
- no immediate effect
- first came empires, only after -> nation states
- eurocentrism: multiple other regional int. orders
Whats an alternative cause for the emergence of sovereign states?
“wars made the state and the state made wars” (Tilly)
What is the ‘long 19th century’?
- the rise of the West and the “Great Divergence”
- due to previous global networks (e.g. access to global land, slave trade…)
- early stages of globalization and global inequality
What were the consequences of the long 19th century?
- industrialization ( and deindustrialization of others)
- evolution of the state (bureaucratic expansion…)
- technological changes
- imperialism (& colonialism)
- unified international order (interdependence, first IOs, international standards, exploitation and global inequality)
What was the role of the world wars in IR?
- changed nature of war (total wars)
- debate of WW1 causes
- further changing state system
What were the consequences of the cold war to the world system?
- bipolarity created, and then unipolarity
- formation of long-term alliances (NATO)
- non-alignment (emerging Third World)
- the “long peace” due to deterrence
- emergence of institutionalized (liberal) int. order of today?
What is the restraint vs. engagement debate with global US hegemony?
How should the US use its hegemony
Is the world becoming more peaceful? For & against arguments:
For: -decreased # of battlefiled deaths -sovereignty, education, democracy , trade -> less incentive for war Against: -no civilian death data, famine or disease death data -geographical distribution -new types of warfare -progress of medecine
How was Russia post-cold war?
- decreasing industrial production
- decreasing living standards
- transition from planned economy -> competitive market (challenge)
- Putin attempting to restore prestige and reverse decline after Gorbachev
How was Europe post-cold war?
- Germany united
- Eastern Europe achieved self-determination (no more SU)
- debate: what kind of europe would it be?
How was Asia post-cold war?
no stability:
- multiple conflicts followed
- nationalism & suspicion
- communist leaders tightened control
How was the Global South post-cold war?
- corruption due to more money
- lack of superpower control -> chaos
- burdened by debt & poverty
- large emigration from the South
- BRICS -> also Asia
What effect did 9/11 have on IR?
transformative effect:
- emergence of new security policies
- scholarship: states matter? role of religion? …
- clash of civilisations and the remaking of world order
- use of old response to new phenomenon (Iraq invasion)
- still no full consensus on 9/11
