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MICROPARA (DOC) > HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

study of microorganisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q

includes viruses which are microscopic but acellular

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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3
Q

Sub-disciplines of Microbiology

A

•Bacteriology
•Parasitology
•Virology
•Mycology

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4
Q

more than _____ of body cells are microbes

A

90%

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5
Q

•English scientist
•coined the word “cells”
•wrote the book “Micrographia”

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

used compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

marked the beginning of Cell Theory
“all living things are composed of cells”

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

designed and used the compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

the one who made the compound microscope

A

Cristopher Koch

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10
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

a Dutch glass merchant and scientist
that invented the first simple microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

discovered bacteria, protists, sperm cells, blood cells - “animalcules”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

wrote series of letters to Royal Society of London describing the he saw through his microscope

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

an English naturalist & priest that is a strong proponent of Spontaneous Generation Theory

A

John Needham

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15
Q

challenged Redi’s experiment

A

John Needham

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16
Q

used a flask and a nutrient fluids(chicken broth) and heated it. He claimed that “microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids”

A

John Needham

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17
Q

•Italian scientist
•suggested that microorganisms from air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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18
Q

experimented that broth heated after being SEALED in flask did not develop microbial growth

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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19
Q

• claimed “vital force” had been destroyed by heat & was kept out of flasks by seals
• criticized that there was not enough oxygen in sealed flasks to support microbial life

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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20
Q

Living cells can arise only from pre existing living cells

A

Theory of Biogenesis

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21
Q

Introduced the theory of biogenesis

A

Rudolf Virchow

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22
Q

Aside from Rudolf Virchow, Theory of Biogenesis is also supported by _____

A

Louis Pasteur

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23
Q

a French chemist and microbiologist that demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air and that it can contaminate sterile solutions but air itself does not give rise to microbial life

A

Louis Pasteur

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24
Q

______ showed that microorganisms can be present in non-living matter – on solids, in liquids, and in air.

A

Louis Pasteur

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25
Q

_____ demonstrated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments.

A

Louis Pasteur

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26
Q

These discoveries form the basis of aseptic techniques

A

Theory of Biogenesis

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27
Q

experiments with swan-necked flasks

A

Louis Pasteur

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28
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1857 – 1914

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29
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology discovered:

A
  1. establishment of microbiology as a science
  2. discoveries of agents of many diseases
  3. relationships between microorganisms & disease
  4. role of immunity in prevention and cure of disease
  5. studied chemical activities of microorganisms
  6. improved techniques for microscopy & culture of microorganisms
  7. developed vaccines & surgical techniques
30
Q

many scientists believed that air converted sugars in these fluids into alcohol

A

Fermentation & Pasteurization

31
Q

Spontaneous Generation Theory was introduced by ____________

A

Aristotle

32
Q

Spontaneous Generation Theory believes that:

A
  1. aphids arise from dew which falls on plants
  2. fleas from putrid matter
  3. mice from dirty hay
33
Q

“life arise from nonliving matter”

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

34
Q

an italian physician, naturalist & poet and the first to formally challenge spontaneous generation theory

A

Francesco Redi

35
Q

original vessels on display at Pasteur Institute in Paris still show no signs of contamination more than 100 years later

A

Theory of Biogenesis

36
Q

many scientists believed that air converted sugars in these fluids into _____

A

alcohol

37
Q

______ found instead that microorganisms (Yeast) convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air.

A

Pasteur

38
Q

Pasteur found instead that microorganisms (Yeast) convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of ______.

A

air

39
Q

with presence of ___, bacteria change alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (HAc)

A

air

40
Q

now commonly used to kill potentially
harmful bacteria in MILK

A

PASTEURIZATION

40
Q

with presence of air, bacteria change alcohol in the beverage into ________

A

vinegar (HAc)

40
Q

souring and spoiling, which occur late, are caused by a different group of microorganisms, which are bacteria

A

Fermentation & Pasteurization

41
Q

Pasteur’s solution to spoilage it to __________ just enough to kill most of the bacteria

A

heat alcohol (55 - 60 degree celcius)

42
Q

“specific microorganism causes specific infectious disease”

A

The Germ Theory of Disease

43
Q

In 1865, Louis Pasteur discovered the _________ disease

A

silkworm disease

43
Q

In 1835, Agostino Bassi another silkworm disease caused by a _____

A

fungus

43
Q

silkworm disease is a type of disease that is ________

A

infectious

43
Q

______ proponent of Germ Theory of Disease

A

Louis Pasteur

43
Q

The first scientifically proven problem in heredity and contigent

A

silkworm disease

44
Q

In 1835, _______ another silkworm disease caused by a fungus

A

Agostino Bassi

44
Q

In 1860s, Joseph Lister developed ______ technique

A

antisepsis /antiseptic

45
Q

In 1860s, ________ developed antisepsis /antiseptic technique

A

Joseph Lister

46
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis is the father of _________

A

father of Handwashing

47
Q

German scientist that discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces spores & can resist adverse conditions

A

Robert Koch (1876)

48
Q

developed method of fixing, staining & photographing bacteria

A

Robert Koch (1876)

49
Q

discovered Myobacterium tuberculosis and V. cholerae

A

Robert Koch (1876)

49
Q

developed methods of culturing bacteria on solid media

A

Robert Koch (1876)

49
Q

he worked on tuberculin (protein derived from M. tuberculosis) used in skin test to diagnose TB

A

Robert Koch (1876)

50
Q

contributed to germ theory of diseases through “Koch’s Postulates”

A

Robert Koch (1876)

51
Q

a series of experimental procedure to prove that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease

A

“Koch’s Postulates”

52
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. A particular organism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans.
  2. The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in a pure culture in the laboratory.
  3. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal.
  4. The same microorganisms must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in a pure
53
Q

A particular organism must be found in _______ and _______ in healthy animals or humans.

A

all cases of the disease;
must not be present

54
Q

The microorganisms must be ________ animal or human and grown in a pure culture in the laboratory.

A

isolated from the diseased

55
Q

The ______ must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into a healthy susceptible
laboratory animal.

A

same disease

56
Q

Certain pathogens will not grow on artificial media like:

A
  1. viruses, rickettsias, chlamydias
  2. Mycobacterium leprae; Treponema pallidum
57
Q

In Koch’s Postulates Exemptions, Many pathogens are _________

A

species-specific.

58
Q

In Koch’s Postulates Exemptions, Synergistic infections are caused by _________

A

combined effects of 2 or more different microorganisms.

59
Q

In Koch’s Postulates Exemptions, certain pathogens become ______. Some become less pathogenic, while others become nonpathogenic. Thus, they will no longer infect animals after being cultured on artificial media.

A

altered when grown in vitro

60
Q

the type Koch used to photograph B. anthracis

A

Vertical photomicroscopic apparatus

60
Q

What are the Theories discovered during the Golden Age of Microbiology

A
  1. Fermentation & Pasteurization
  2. The Germ Theory of Disease
    3.
61
Q

Spontaneous Generation Theory, he believed that maggots come from flies.

A

Francesco Redi

MICROPARA (DOC) (9 decks)

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