History Y09 Spr1 Flashcards
(43 cards)
1.1 boycott
Less than 3 months after coming to power in 1933, the Nazis held an economic boycott targeting Jewish-owned businesses.
2.2 Nuremberg Laws
In 1935 laws were passed for the protection of German blood and honour, banning marriages between Jews and Aryans. Jews were made ‘subjects’.
3.3 Kristallnacht
(Night of Broken Glass) 9-10 Nov 1938 – Nazis destroyed synagogues, Jewish homes and shops. Jews ‘fined’ one billion Reichmarks for the damage caused on Kristallnacht and 20,000 Jews were taken to concentration camps.
4.4 ghettos
In 1939, the Jewish population was rounded up and forced to live in overcrowded areas of a city with little sanitation or food.
5.5 Einsatzgruppen
After the invasion of Russia in 1941, half a million Jews in German-occupied areas were rounded up and shot by SS squads called Einsatzgruppen.
6.6 Final Solution
Started in 1942 this was the deliberate policy to wipe out the Jewish population by taking Jews to death camps, where they were worked to death or murdered.
2.1 passive resistance
Non-violent resistance included actions such as smuggling food into ghettos, educating children or helping Jews to hide or escape from Nazi capture/persecution.
2.2 religious resistance
The continuation of religious observance as a way of defying the Nazis - a secret synagogue was built by the inmates at Terezin.
2.3 cultural resistance
Preserving records of Jewish culture and traditions – documents were hidden by the Sonderkommando units and Oneg Shabbat archive was the biggest attempt to keep records and evidence.
2.4 violent resistance
As the Holocaust developed, armed resistance became more common. Jews fought the Germans in five of the six largest ghettos in eastern Europe.
3.1 World War I
$10 billion was loaned to the Allies over the course of the First World War. American supplied the world with 40% of all iron and 70% of all petrol.
3.2 mass production
By 1925, one Ford Car was being made every ten seconds and in 1929 around 27 million cars were registered.
3.3 Republican policies
Rugged individualism, isolationism, laissez faire, high tariffs on imported goods – these allowed companies to grow.
3.4 advertising
New advertising techniques encouraged people to spend. Billboards became important in new advertisements.
3.5 credit
Paying by instalments meant people didn’t need to have the money at the time they wanted to buy. Six out of 10 cars were bought with hire purchase.
3.6 stock market
‘Playing the market’ became a craze. People would buy on the margin –borrowing money from the banks to buy shares, then pay it back with the money made.
4.1 sport
Babe Ruth was earning $80,000 a year by 1930. Sports was broadcast on the radio (10 million radios by 1929)
4.2 cinema
Weekly audiences grew from 35 million in 1919 to 100 million in 1930. By 1929 Hollywood was making over 500 films a year. The Jazz Singer was the first talkie in 1927.
4.3 flappers
By 1925, 10.5 million women were in the workforce meaning more freedom. Flappers came from northern cities and were often middle class women.
4.4 music
Harlem Renaissance started. Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Bessie Smith were famous Jazz players.
5.1 antisemitism
hostility or prejudice towards Jews e.g Jewish people have be targeted and faced antisemitism throughout history.
5.2 Holocaust
literally ‘completely burnt sacrifice’ (Greek) e.g Holocaust is the term most commonly used to describe the mass murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators.
5.3 Shoah
literally ‘catastrophe’ (Hebrew) e.g The word Shoah is the preferred term by many Jews for the Holocaust.
5.4 dehumanisation
creating the perception of a person as less than human e.g Nazipolicies aimed to influence many people todehumanisetheJews.
