HIV & FUNGAL DISEASES

Question 1

the old name of HIV

Answer 1

Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV)

Question 2

resolved the issue-HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

Answer 2

President Mitterand of France and President
Reagan of US

Question 3

MOT of HIV

Answer 3

Contact w/ mucous membrane

Question 4

Target cell of HIV

Answer 4

CD4 T cell

Question 5

Large glycoprotein that traverses the bilipid
layer

Answer 5

Gp41/Gp120 complex

Question 6

Gp120 and CD4 complex will interact with

Answer 6

CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors

Question 7

o Nucleocapsid core protein
o One of the earliest markers that we can take note when it comes to HIV infection

Answer 7

P24

Question 8

Matrix shell protein

Answer 8

P17

Question 9

Enables the virus to convert viral RNA to DNA

Answer 9

Reverse transcriptase

Question 10

Cleaves other enzymes and structural
proteins from their polyproteins; important in
formation of new virion

Answer 10

Protease

Question 11

Ratio of CD4:CD8 in HIV infection

Answer 11

0.5:1

Question 12

infections associated with severe immunodeficiency.

Answer 12

Opportunistic infection

Question 13

Development of flu-like symptoms

Answer 13

Primary stage

Question 14

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 14

INTERMEDIATE STAGE

Question 15

clinical latency can
also happen or what we call HIV dormancy.

Answer 15

INTERMEDIATE STAGE

Question 16

Labs in intermediate stage.

Answer 16

Labs: T4 cells less than 400/mm2, CD4:CD8 ratio is less than 1

Question 17

Labs of final stage

Answer 17

Labs: T4 cells less than 200/mm2

Question 18

Opportunistic fungi that infects populations with final stage HIV.

Answer 18

Opportunistic
o Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
o Candidiasis
o CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
o Herpes simplex
o M.tb (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
o Kaposi’s sarcoma
o Hairy leukoplakia

Question 19

period immediately after HIV exposure, will not yield any positive result

Answer 19

Eclipse

Question 20

_______________________:
 the body will produce detectable levels of Ab
to respond to the infection
 within __________________ after initial
exposure
 already experience early symptoms of HIV

Answer 20

Seroconversion, 2 weeks to 18 months

Question 21

the time between initial infection and the point
at which standard serological tests become
reliable

Answer 21

Window

Question 22

the main principle of the HIV test used (especially in terms of ELISA)

Answer 22

Target and capture

Question 23

For HIV testing, most commonly used screening is

Answer 23

ELISA

Question 24

gold standard for confirmatory test for HIV antibodies

Answer 24

Western Blot

Question 25

2nd Generation: placed in fungi. an Ag that is placed in a biological vehicle to enhance specificity

Answer 25

Recombinant Ag

Question 26

___________________:  The principle of most of the test ____________ - mimics the action of CHON  Peptide synthesizer  important advancement: incorporation of p24 Ag, hence we can already detect HIV infection in early stages

Answer 26

The 3rd generation assay, Synthetic peptide

Question 27

________________________:  Recombinant Ag, Synthetic peptide, and Monoclonal antibodies  simultaneously detect Abs and p24 Ag  widely used and widely recommended  Example: ELISA

Question 28

Coccidiomycosis  Causative agent:

Answer 28

Coccidiodes immitis

Question 29

most widely used quantitative serodiagnostic method of COCCIDIOIDES

Answer 29

Complement fixation test

Question 30

indicative of an active infection

Answer 30

1:16

Question 31

presumptive evidence of an early infection and should be repeated in 3 to 4 weeks.

Answer 31

1:2 to 1:4

Question 32

highly specific with very few cross-reactions

Answer 32

Tube precipitation Test

Question 33

highly specific when reference antisera are used

Answer 33

Immunodiffusion

Question 34

Candidiasis  Causative agent:

Answer 34

Candida albicans

Question 35

most common cause of all serious fungal diseases

Answer 35

Candida albicans

Question 36

suggests an early infection, colonization, or a nonspecific reaction.

Answer 36

1:4

Question 37

presumptive evidence of invasive infection.

Answer 37

fourfold increase in titer

Question 38

may indicate successful therapy

Answer 38

fourfold decrease in titer

Question 39

common and harmless inhabitants of skin and mucous membranes under normal conditions (e.g., Candida albicans).

Answer 39

Fungi

Question 40

Survival mechanisms of fungi that successfully invade the body are similar to bacterial characteristics and include the following:

Answer 40

1. presence of an antiphagocytic capsule 2. resistance to digestion within macrophages 3. destruction of phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils).

Question 41

Standard for detecting malaria

Answer 41

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFA)

Question 42

Malaria antibody detection is performed using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. The IFA procedure can be used to determine if a patient has been infected with _____________.

Answer 42

Plasmodium

Question 43

Specific for Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 43

Histidine Rich Protein 2 (HRP)

Question 44

Specific for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax

Answer 44

Aldolase

Question 45

remains the "gold standard" for laboratory confirmation of malaria.

Answer 45

Microscopic examination

Question 46

used for specie identification or specificity of the Plasmodium

Answer 46

Thin smear

Question 47

Malaria is transmitted through

Answer 47

bite of Anopheles mosquitoes

Question 48

Vector of malaria

Answer 48

Female Anopheles minimus Flavirostris

Question 49

Toxoplasmosis causative agent

Answer 49

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 50

Serological test: Toxoplasmosis considered diagnostic

Answer 50

fourfold increase in the titer of IgG, or high levels of IgM and IgG antibodies

Question 51

method of choice to detect T. gondii

Answer 51

PCR

Question 52

parasites in the tissues

Answer 52

Trichinella spiralis

Question 53

If we perform blood smear, if its parasitic infection especially for Trichinella spiralis, highest blood cell that can be seen is _________________ for Ig

Answer 53

Eosinophil and IgE

Question 54

causative agent of Chaga’s disease

Answer 54

Trypanosoma cyrusi

Question 55

Molecular mimicry

Answer 55

Chaga’s disease

Question 56

Antigenic variation

Answer 56

African trypanosomes

Question 57

Schistosomes releases substance such as

Answer 57

Schistosomula

Question 58

Alcohol can kill

Answer 58

Alcohol can kill T. saginata and T. solium

Question 59

longest tapeworm, can occupy the entire intestines (small and large). Can be seen in fish.

Answer 59

Diphyllobothrium latum