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HM MAN ch 19: clinical Laboratory Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

what is the SF 545?

A

laboratory report display

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2
Q

when performing a capillary finger puncture make a quick stab no greater than how deep on the side of the finger?

A

2mm

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3
Q

when performing venipuncture apply the tourniquiet areound the arm approx how many inches above the intended site?

A

3 to 4 inches

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4
Q

when performing a venipuncture the HM must cleanse the desired site with what?

A

70% alcohol pad or

povidone-iodine

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5
Q

when performing a venipuncture what degree angle should the needle be introduced?

A

15-30 degrees

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6
Q

how long can a tourniquet be applied when performing a venipuncture?

A

no more than one minutes

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7
Q

___ is the stucture tah supports the magnification and focusing system of the microscope.

A

arm

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8
Q

___ is the handle by which the microscope is carried

A

arm

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9
Q

___ is the platform on which a specimen is placed for examination

A

stage

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10
Q

___ is composed of a compact lens system and is located below the stage.it concentrates and focuses light from the light source on the specimen

A

condenser

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11
Q

___ is located on the condenser to control the amount of light and angle of light rays.

A

iris diaphragm

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12
Q

how much magnification is provided by the low-power objective?

A

10x

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13
Q

how much magnification is provided by the high-power objective?

A

40x

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14
Q

how much magnification is provided by the oil immerision ovjective?

A

100x

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15
Q

the oil immersion objective is used for detailed study of what?

A

stained blood and bacterial smears

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16
Q

A complete blood count consists of what five tests?

A
  1. total RBC count
  2. Hemoglobin determination (Hgb)
  3. Hematocrit calculation (Hct)
  4. Total WBC count
  5. WBC differential count
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17
Q

A RBC count that drops below normal values may indicate what?

A

anemia

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18
Q

What are the normal values for hemoglobin in woman?

A

12 to 16

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19
Q

what are the normal values for hemoglobin in men?

A

14 to 18

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20
Q

packed RBC volume is also know as what?

A

hematocrit

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21
Q

what is hematrocrit?

A

the ratio of the volume of RBCs to the volume of whole blood

normally expressed as a percentage

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22
Q

what is the percentage of hematocrit in women?

A

37-47%

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23
Q

what is the percentage of hematocrit in men?

A

42-52%

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24
Q

what is the name for WBCs?

A

leukocycte

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25
what should never be used to clean lenses on a microscope?
alcohol or similiar solvents
26
Normal WBC values in adults range from ___ to ___ cells per cubic millimeter.
4,800- 10,800
27
how are normal WBC values normally reported?
4.8-10.8 X 10 (upper case 6)/ml (per cubic millimeter)
28
When WBCs rise above normal values the condition is referred to as what?
leukocytosis
29
_____frequently occurs when systemic or local infections are present.
leukocytosis
30
When does leukocytosis frequently occur?
systemic or local infections are present
31
what are seven examples of other physiological conditions that can cause leukocytosis, other than systemic or local infections?
``` shortly after the mother gives birth pregnancy appendicitis ulcers emotional stress anxiety strenuous exercise ```
32
an abnormally low WBC count is known as what?
leukopenia
33
what is leukopenia?
low WBC count
34
Severe or advanced bacterial infections such as typhoid, partyphoid and sometimes tularemia can cause which WBC condition?
leukopenia
35
Measles, rubella, smallpox, hepatits, dengue fever and influenza can cause what WBC conditions
leukopenia
36
anaphylactic shock can cause what WBC conditions?
leukopenia
37
radiation can cause what WBC condition?
leudopienia
38
what are the five types of WBCs?
``` neutophils eosinophils basophils lymphocyctes monocyctes ```
39
Which WBC accounts for the largest percentage of leukocytes found in a normal blood sample?
neutorphils
40
Which WBC has the function to destroy parasites and respond in immediate allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
41
What is the most common cause of increased eosinophils worldwide?
parasites, in particular helminthic
42
a rise in this WBC is associated with inflammatory disorders and certain leukemias.
Basophil
43
The function of this WBC is associated with immune response and the body's defense against viral infections
lyphocyte
44
what are the larges of the normal WBCs?
monocycte
45
what are the four growth requirements for bacteria?
temperature oxygen nutrition moisture
46
what temperature do psychrophilic bacteria enjoy?
cold | 4 degrees C
47
what are the three categories of bacteria temperature requirements?
Psychrophilic mesophilic thermophilic
48
What temperature do mesophilic bacteria best reproduce at?
body temp | 35 degrees C
49
what temp do thermophilic bacteria reproduce at?
how 42 degrees C or higher 120 degrees F
50
what are the two types of bacteria oxygen requirement categories?
aerobes | anaerobes
51
___ are oganisms that reproduce in the presence of oxygen
aerobes sounds like air
52
___ are organisms that do not reproduce in the presence of oxygen
anaerobes
53
what are the three distinct shapes or categories of bacteria?
Coccus Bacillus Spirochetes
54
what shape are coccus bacteria?
spherical
55
What shape are bacillus bacteria?
rod-shaped
56
what shape are spirochete bacteria?
spiral or corkscrew shaped
57
what are the two categories of toxins?
endotoxin | exotoxin
58
which type of toxin are highly poisonous and associated iwth septic shock?
exotoxin
59
which toxin is less potent but may affect the PT during the course of antibiotic therapy?
endotoxin
60
what color are gram stain positive cells?
crystal violet
61
what color are gram stain negative cells?
pink
62
what shape are gram negative cells?
rods
63
what shape are gram postive cells?
cocci
64
what shape and gram stain are streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)?
cocci | gram stain positive
65
what shape and gram stain are streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)?
cocci | gram stain positive
66
what shape and gram stain are neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)?
cocci | gram stain negative
67
what shape and gram stain are neisseria meningitis?
cocci | gram stain negative
68
what shape and gram stain are corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Bacilli | gram stain positive
69
what shape and gram stain are botulism, tetanus and gas gangrene?
bacilli | gram stain positive
70
what shape and gram stain are yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)?
bacilli | gram stain negative
71
what shape and gram stain are bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)?
bacilli | gram stain negative
72
what does RPR stand for?
rapid plasma reagin
73
what does RPR test for?
syhilis
74
what are the two outcomes of available from a RPR test?
reactive or non-reactive
75
the ___ test is an accurate, 2 minute disposable test designed to detect the presence of infectious mononucleosis.
monospot test
76
how long does the monospot test take?
2 minutes
77
what is the simple and frequently used method of detecting fungi?
the potassium hydrodxide preparation KOH
78
to detect fungi in infected tissue , place skin, hair, or nail scrapingfrom the affected area on a glass slide and add one drop of _____.
10% KOH
79
which UA is the ideal screening specimen and why?
first morning urine specimen | usually concentrated and more likely to rebeal abnormalities
80
what are the normal adult urine volume ranges?
600-2,000 ml | the average is 1,500ml
81
What is the definition of urine specific gravity?
the density of a solution compared to an equal volume of distilled water
82
red or red-brown urine is caused by what?
blood
83
what causes yellow or brown urine?
bile
84
what causes olive green to brown-black urine?
phenols
85
what causes urine to be dark orange in color?
pyridium | topical analgesic used in the treatment of urinary tract infections
86
what are the normal specific gravity ranges during a 24 hour period?
1.015 to 1.030
87
Microscopic examination of urine sediment is usually performed at what level of magnification?
40X | high-powered
88
during a urine sediment exam there are normally ___ leukocytes per high power field.
0 to 3
89
more than ___ leukoyctes cells per high power field may indicate disease somewhere in the urinary tract.
3
90
How are Casts in urinary sediments formed?
coagulation of albuminous material in the kidney tubles
91
if cast are present in large numbers, the urine is almost sure to be positive for what?
albumin
92
What are four critical laboratory results?
1. WBC count above 50,000 indicates an acute infection 2. Heoglobin concentration below 7 indicates sever anemia and may require a transfustion 3. Glucose and ketones in urine 4. bacteria present in a gram stain from direct patient smears
93
A minimum file of what percent of certain ship's company is required to be enrolled in the walking blood bank?
10%
94
What does a WBC count above 50,000 indicate?
the presence of an acute infection
95
what does hemoglobin concentrations below 7 indicate?
severe anemia that may require a transfusion
96
What does glucose and ketones in urine indicate?
uncontrolled diabetes

advancement instructions (55 decks)

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